Characterization of Roasted Coffee Aroma by Optimizing Roaster Parameters

This study was aimed to improve the quality of aroma of roasted coffee by using Taguchi's design as experimental technique. The roaster parameters evaluated were temperature, incubation time, moisture content and cylinder rotational speed. An orthogonal array L9, signal to noise ratio and ANOVA were employed to investigate the influence of the roaster parameters. The results showed that the optimal roasted coffee aroma was produced at a temperature of 170◦C, incubation time of 14 minutes, moisture content of 6% (v/w) and cylinder rotational speed of 50 rpm. The most to less significant roasting parameters as observed in this study were as follows: temperature, incubation time, moisture content and cylinder rotational speed. Furthermore, the results showed that the Taguchi design was better than the full experimental design in solving experiments with a minimum number. Keywords: ANOVA, Coffee roaster, Roasted coffee aroma, Signal to noise ratio, Taguchi technique

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Information capacity and bandwidth limitations in the SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100152392 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 84-85

Author(s):

D. C. Joy ◽

R. D. Bunn

Keyword(s):

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Critical Dimension ◽

Information Capacity ◽

Acquisition Time ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Sem Image ◽

Probe Size ◽

Minimum Number ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Signal Channel

The information available from an SEM image is limited both by the inherent signal to noise ratio that characterizes the image and as a result of the transformations that it may undergo as it is passed through the amplifying circuits of the instrument. In applications such as Critical Dimension Metrology it is necessary to be able to quantify these limitations in order to be able to assess the likely precision of any measurement made with the microscope.The information capacity of an SEM signal, defined as the minimum number of bits needed to encode the output signal, depends on the signal to noise ratio of the image - which in turn depends on the probe size and source brightness and acquisition time per pixel - and on the efficiency of the specimen in producing the signal that is being observed. A detailed analysis of the secondary electron case shows that the information capacity C (bits/pixel) of the SEM signal channel could be written as :

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Image Quality Enhancing by Efficient Histogram Equalization

Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.31185/ejuow.vol2.iss2.29 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 47-58

Author(s):

Ismail Sh. Baqer

Keyword(s):

Image Quality ◽

Contrast Enhancement ◽

Mean Squared Error ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Histogram Equalization ◽

Gray Level ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Squared Error ◽

Noise Ratio

A two Level Image Quality enhancement is proposed in this paper. In the first level, Dualistic Sub-Image Histogram Equalization DSIHE method decomposes the original image into two sub-images based on median of original images. The second level deals with spikes shaped noise that may appear in the image after processing. We presents three methods of image enhancement GHE, LHE and proposed DSIHE that improve the visual quality of images. A comparative calculations is being carried out on above mentioned techniques to examine objective and subjective image quality parameters e.g. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio PSNR values, entropy H and mean squared error MSE to measure the quality of gray scale enhanced images. For handling gray-level images, convenient Histogram Equalization methods e.g. GHE and LHE tend to change the mean brightness of an image to middle level of the gray-level range limiting their appropriateness for contrast enhancement in consumer electronics such as TV monitors. The DSIHE methods seem to overcome this disadvantage as they tend to preserve both, the brightness and contrast enhancement. Experimental results show that the proposed technique gives better results in terms of Discrete Entropy, Signal to Noise ratio and Mean Squared Error values than the Global and Local histogram-based equalization methods

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Singular Values Decomposition and Lifting Wavelet Transform for Speech Signal Embedding into Digital Image

Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) ◽

10.2174/2352096511666180511151646 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 138-151

Author(s):

Mourad Talbi ◽

Med Salim Bouhlel

Keyword(s):

Wavelet Transform ◽

Speech Signal ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Perceptual Quality ◽

Lifting Wavelet Transform ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Perceptual Evaluation ◽

Lifting Wavelet ◽

Noise Ratio

Background: In this paper, we propose a secure image watermarking technique which is applied to grayscale and color images. It consists in applying the SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) in the Lifting Wavelet Transform domain for embedding a speech image (the watermark) into the host image. Methods: It also uses signature in the embedding and extraction steps. Its performance is justified by the computation of PSNR (Pick Signal to Noise Ratio), SSIM (Structural Similarity), SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), SegSNR (Segmental SNR) and PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation Speech Quality). Results: The PSNR and SSIM are used for evaluating the perceptual quality of the watermarked image compared to the original image. The SNR, SegSNR and PESQ are used for evaluating the perceptual quality of the reconstructed or extracted speech signal compared to the original speech signal. Conclusion: The Results obtained from computation of PSNR, SSIM, SNR, SegSNR and PESQ show the performance of the proposed technique.

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Encryption Based Image Watermarking Algorithm in 2DWT-DCT Domains

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21165540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5540

Author(s):

Nayeem Hasan ◽

Md Saiful Islam ◽

Wenyu Chen ◽

Muhammad Ashad Kabir ◽

Saad Al-Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Image Watermarking ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

Reconstructed Image ◽

Discrete Wavelet ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Watermarking Scheme

This paper proposes an encryption-based image watermarking scheme using a combination of second-level discrete wavelet transform (2DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) with an auto extraction feature. The 2DWT has been selected based on the analysis of the trade-off between imperceptibility of the watermark and embedding capacity at various levels of decomposition. DCT operation is applied to the selected area to gather the image coefficients into a single vector using a zig-zig operation. We have utilized the same random bit sequence as the watermark and seed for the embedding zone coefficient. The quality of the reconstructed image was measured according to bit correction rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and similarity index. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme is highly robust under different types of image-processing attacks. Several image attacks, e.g., JPEG compression, filtering, noise addition, cropping, sharpening, and bit-plane removal, were examined on watermarked images, and the results of our proposed method outstripped existing methods, especially in terms of the bit correction ratio (100%), which is a measure of bit restoration. The results were also highly satisfactory in terms of the quality of the reconstructed image, which demonstrated high imperceptibility in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR ≥ 40 dB) and structural similarity (SSIM ≥ 0.9) under different image attacks.

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The Influence of Alteration of kVp and mAs towards the Image Quality of Acrylic Using CBCT

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.829.252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 829 ◽

pp. 252-257

Author(s):

Azhari ◽

Yohanes Hutasoit ◽

Freddy Haryanto

Keyword(s):

Image Quality ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Bite Block ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Radiograph Image

CBCT is a modernized technology in producing radiograph image on dentistry. The image quality excellence is very important for clinicians to interpret the image, so the result of diagnosis produced becoming more accurate, appropriate, thus minimizing the working time. This research was aimed to assess the image quality using the blank acrylic phantom polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (C5H8O2)n in the density of 1.185 g/cm3 for evaluating the homogeneity and uniformity of the image produced. Acrylic phantom was supported with a tripod and laid down on the chin rest of the CBCT device, then the phantom was fixed, and the edge of the phantom was touched by the bite block. Furthermore, the exposure of the X-ray was executed toward the acrylic phantom with various kVp and mAs, from 80 until 90, with the range of 5 kV and the variation of mA was 3, 5, and 7 mA respectively. The time exposure was kept constant for 25 seconds. The samples were taken from CBCT acrylic images, then as much as 5 ROIs (Region of Interest) was chosen to be analyzed. The ROIs determination was analyzed by using the ImageJ® software for recognizing the influence of kVp and mAs towards the image uniformity, noise and SNR. The lowest kVp and mAs had the result of uniformity value, homogeneity and signal to noise ratio of 11.22; 40.35; and 5.96 respectively. Meanwhile, the highest kVp and mAs had uniformity value, homogeneity and signal to noise ratio of 16.96; 26.20; and 5.95 respectively. There were significant differences between the image uniformity and homogeneity on the lowest kVp and mAs compared to the highest kVp and mAs, as analyzed with the ANOVA statistics analysis continued with the t-student post-hoc test with α = 0.05. However, there was no significant difference in SNR as analyzed with the ANOVA statistic analysis. The usage of the higher kVp and mAs caused the improvement of the image homogeneity and uniformity compared to the lower kVp and mAs.

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Photometric Characteristics of Data from the Hubble Space Telescope Goddard-High Resolution Spectrograph

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900034732 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 132 ◽

pp. 35-38

Author(s):

Dennis C. Ebbets ◽

Sara R. Heap ◽

Don J. Lindler

Keyword(s):

Exposure Time ◽

Hubble Space Telescope ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Scattered Light ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Space Telescope ◽

Additional Noise ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Noise Ratio

The G-HRS is one of four axial scientific instruments which will fly aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (ref 1,2). It will produce spectroscopic observations in the 1050 A ≤ λ ≤ 3300 A region with greater spectral, spatial and temporal resolution than has been possible with previous space-based instruments. Five first order diffraction gratings and one Echelle provide three modes of spectroscopic operation with resolving powers of R = λ/ΔΔ = 2000, 20000 and 90000. Two magnetically focused, pulse-counting digicon detectors, which differ only in the nature of their photocathodes, produce data whose photometric quality is usually determined by statistical noise in the signal (ref 3). Under ideal circumstances the signal to noise ratio increases as the square root of the exposure time. For some observations detector dark count, instrumental scattered light or granularity in the pixel to pixel sensitivity will cause additional noise. The signal to noise ratio of the net spectrum will then depend on several parameters, and will increase more slowly with exposure time. We have analyzed data from the ground based calibration programs, and have developed a theoretical model of the HRS performance (ref 4). Our results allow observing and data reduction strategies to be optimized when factors other than photon statistics influence the photometric quality of the data.

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Quality of Computed Tomography Pulmonary Embolism and Aortic Phase Images Acquired with Power Injection via an Arm Port

Journal of the Association for Vascular Access ◽

10.1016/j.java.2017.01.001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 88-92

Author(s):

Ryan Verity ◽

David Leswick ◽

Brent Burbridge ◽

Rhonda Bryce ◽

Hyun Lim

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Pulmonary Embolism ◽

Image Quality ◽

Thin Section ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Contrast Injection ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Streak Artifact ◽

Noise Ratio

Abstract Background: The safety of power-injectable implanted arm ports is well established, but there is insufficient data to conclude that image quality of computed tomography resulting from contrast introduced via the port is of equal quality to images derived from contrast introduced via traditional peripheral access. The objective of this study was to determine whether the image quality of computed tomography pulmonary embolism and computed tomography aorta studies would differ when injecting contrast via an implanted arm port vs a peripheral intravenous site. We hypothesized that injecting via an implanted arm port would produce better-quality images, the result of more appropriate timing and less streak artifact. Methods: Scans from a provincial database search for patients who underwent a computed tomography pulmonary embolism or aorta study with contrast injection via the implanted arm port and thin section images available, were reviewed (pulmonary embolism studies n = 3, aorta studies n = 3). Only a limited number of patients were available for review because there are currently few patients with these ports in place and we limited evaluation to thin section images. Comparison was made with 6 control patients who did not have a port and had received a peripheral arm intravenous contrast injection for these study types. Objective measurements included signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio of the pulmonary arteries (4 sites) and aorta (2 sites) as appropriate for scan type. Subjective analysis of image quality was performed by 2 radiologists. Results: Although sample size was limited, the implanted arm port group had similar or higher mean signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio values at all sites. Subjective assessments showed the implanted arm port group to have similar or better opacification and diagnostic confidence; similar or less streak artifact was also observed at each of the sites. Conclusions: These exploratory results suggest that studies with implanted arm port injection can generate high-quality images on both objective and subjective assessment, similar to, or possibly better than, images generated from usual peripheral intravenous access for contrast injection.

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