scholarly journals Debating Sharī‘a in Contemporary Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-152
Author(s):  
Muhammad Latif Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Family Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Multiple Groups ◽  
Democratic Life

The transformation of Sharia into a legal code in different Muslim countries is not an easy process. Let alone in Indonesia, this transformation has included dialogues, conflicts and tensions between multiple groups. In the last two decades, along with the growing up of democratic life, this tension has given rise to the emergence of so-called ‘progressive’ and ‘conservative’ movements. Debates among them continue to rage even more intensely.  On the other hand, as this article has argued, the development of Islamic family law in Indonesia has demonstrated the increase in the use of modern approaches to Islamic jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the State authority seems to have a decisive power to intervene the content and to determine the result of the debate. Accordingly, I would like to value all these political and legal processes as an inseparable part of the larger process of a public sphere in the Indonesian reformasi era.

Re-formulating the Observable Inadequacy of the Prevalent Approaches Followed by Islamic Jurisprudence and Statute Law in Dealing with Mens Rea

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ahadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Criminal Intent

The present paper constitutes an attempt towards questioning the adequacy of the prevalent approached employed by Islamic jurisprudence and statute law in dealing with mens rea and its manifestations. It also provides a kind of reinterpretation of the concept since it attaches itself to the perspective that the concepts employed in criminal law need evolution in order to preserve their function and practicality; the conditions appertaining thereto necessitating adaptability of the concepts with the contextual conditions as well as the principles of the criminal law. Under criminal law, mens rea is referred to as ‘criminal intent or the state of mind indicating culpability which is required by statute as an element of a crime’ (see, for example, Staples v United States, 511 US 600 (1994)). Under Islamic jurisprudence it is defined as ‘rebellion intent’. These conceptualisations of the mens rea may be subject to evolution as well as the other concepts. The present paper provides a reformulation of these definitions wherein mens rea is considered to be ‘the culpable linkage of mind with the forbidden conduct’. Through this reformulation the author replaces the ‘state’ with ‘linkage’ presupposing that the interpretation of the term ‘culpable’, as an independent constituent, shall vary according to the provisions of common sense and the contextual conditions.

scholarly journals HUKUM KELUARGA DI MESIR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Nurinayah Nurinayah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Limited Scope

The application of family law in Muslim-majority countries, especially the Middle East and its surroundings, has different practices, we do not find uniformity in family law practices in these countries. This is influenced by differences in government systems, cultures, situations and conditions of society of each country. Egypt is one of the predominantly Muslim countries which has established Islam as the state religion. Therefore, the principles of Islamic law are the main source of law in the making and formulation of laws, including family law. The practice of Islamic law in Egypt does not fully apply only to areas of family law in a limited scope including the distribution of inheritance and marriage. However, the application of family law in Egypt continues to undergo reforms and reforms. Family law reform took place in Egypt in 1920. This was marked by the promulgation of Law no. 25/1920 regarding family law and care (Law of Maintenance and Personal Status / Qanun al-Ahwal al-Syakhsiyyah wa al-Siyanah). Family law reform in the 1970s was marked by the issuance of laws regarding the authority to the judiciary to force parties (husbands) to pay maintenance fees to wives, widows, children, or parents in 1976. the current era of family law in Egypt continues to experience development. Abstrak Penerapan hukum keluarga di negara-negara yang berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim khususnya kawasan Timur Tengah dan sekitarnya memiliki praktik yang berbeda-beda, kita tidak menemukan keseragaman praktik hukum keluarga di negara-negara tersebut. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan sistem pemerintahan, kultur, situasi dan kondisi masyarakat setiap negara. Mesir merupakan salah satu negara yang berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim yang menetapkan Islam sebagai agama negara. Karena itu, prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam menjadi sumber hukum utama dalam pembuatan dan perumusan undang-undang termasuk hukum keluarga. Praktik hukum Islam di Mesir tidak berlaku secara utuh hanya bidang-bidang hukum keluarga dalam ruang lingkup yang terbatas meliputi pembagian warisan dan perkawinan.  Namun, penerapan hukum keluarga di Mesir terus mengalami reformasi dan pembaruan. Pembaruan hukum keluarga terjadi di Mesir pada tahun 1920. Ini ditandai dengan diundangkannya UU No. 25/1920 mengenai hukum keluarga dan penjagaan (Law of Maintenance and Personal Status/Qanun al-Ahwal al-Syakhsiyyah wa al-Siyanah). Reformasi hukum keluarga pada tahun 1970an ditandai dengan dikeluarkannya aturan undang-undang mengenai kewenangan kepada lembaga peradilan memaksa pihak-pihak (suami) untuk membayar uang pemeliharaan kepada isteri-isteri, janda-janda, anak-anak, ataupun orang tua pada tahun 1976. Hingga era sekarang hukum keluarga di Mesir terus mengalami perkembangan.            

Protecting Dutch Girls from the Harem: Premarital Counselling for Mixed Marriages with Muslim Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty de Hart
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
Islamic Family Law ◽  
Litmus Test

In the migration history literature, the number of marriages between newcomers and the native population is considered to be the ultimate litmus test of the integration or assimilation of migrants. However, little attention has been paid to how the state has actively intervened to prevent such marriages. The premarital counselling for mixed marriages provided by Dutch state officials, in cooperation with churches and NGOs, represents one such intervention. It mainly targeted Dutch women marrying Muslim men, and until the 1990s it was informed by stereotypes about gender, class and race that intersected with religion. Counselling Dutch girls about Islamic family law served as a way to demonstrate how intrinsically different ‘the other’ was. Ultimately, premarital counselling was about the power of regulations of mixture in shaping identities and producing ‘race’, linking it to sex, gender and family formations.

scholarly journals إشكالية الزمن وعوضه في عقدي السلم، والبيع الآجل: دراسة تحليلية وصفية

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-248
Author(s):  
محمد عون الرحيم مسعد صالح ◽  
عز الدين محمد عبد المجد الغطاس
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Of Time ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Bank Financing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Muslim Scholars

This paper purposes to discuss the basis for determining compensation in the contract of banking financing through the meanings and intentions which understood and implemented by Senior Muslim scholars in the four Sunni schools in most Muslim countries. There are several elements which must be considered in bank financing contracts, namely, goods, time, capital and time value. According to this perception is that time is the most important elements in the bank financing contracts which causes the issues of riba in the most of bank financing contract. The financing contracts are indeed considered as new kinds of contracts in the banking system. When the principle of sale contracts in Islamic jurisprudence basically represents everything in its meaning, it is inevitable that financing contracts in bank are referred to similar contracts in jurisprudence, and perhaps “salam" contract and deferred contract are the most similar contracts to the bank financing contracts. Therefore, this research is conducted on both contracts basis. In the other hand the most important reasons for divergence of views toward the issues is the elaborating the issues which began from the branch regardless determining the principles, focusing on the types. Therefore this research is attempting to discuss the basis of the rule of the value of time in the financing contracts of bank. The method of this research is to address to the views of Senior Fiqh Scholars of the four Sunni schools of analysis to reach the destinations included. Keywords: Uqud al-Tamwil al-Marafiy, al-Riba, al-Salam, Bay al- Ajil,time value ملخص تهدف هذه الورقة إلى مناقشة أساس تحديد العوض في عقود التمويل المصرفي، من خلال المعاني والمقاصد التي تضمنتها عبارات وتطبيقات الفقهاء الأقدمين في المذاهب السنية الأربعة، باعتبارها المنتشرة في أكثر الدول الإسلامية. في البداية لابد من الإشارة إلى أن المحل في عقود التمويل المصرفي مركب من عدة عناصر نجملها  في (السلعة والزمن، ورأس المال وعوض الزمن)، وطبقا لهذا التصور يعدّ الزمن أهم عناصر محل عقود التمويل المصرفي، ومن هنا تثور مسألة الربا في جل عقود التمويل المصرفي حيث أن عقود التمويل المصرفي من مستجدات العصر، ولما كانت قواعد  البيوع في الفقه الإسلامي تمثل أساسا  لكل ما في معناها، فإنه لا مناص من رد عقود التمويل المصرفي لما يشابهها في الفقه، ولعل عقد السلم، وبيع الآجل أكثر شبهاً لعقود التمويل المصرفي، ولذلك اعتمدها الباحث في بيان أسس وأحكام عقود التمويل المصرفي. وما دفع الباحث لهذا البحث ما تثيره هذه البيوع خاصة، وأعمال المصارف بشكل عام من إشكاليات، ومن أهم أسباب تباعد وجهات النظر حولها، وما يكتنفها من غموض هو البداية من الفرع عند بيان الحكم، وعدم تحديد الأسس، والتركيز على الشكل، ويحاول الباحث في هذه الورقة مناقشة أساس حكم قيمة الزمن في عقود التمويل المصرفي، والمنهج الذي يسير عليه الباحث هو التطرق إلى عبارات الفقه القديم، أي أصول المذاهب السنية الأربعة وتحليلها للوصول إلى المقاصد التي تضمنتها.

Violent Extremism and the Politics of Education in Pakistan

2022 ◽  
pp. 256-275
Author(s):  
Zahid Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
State Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Politics Of Education ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
The One ◽  
Conducive Environment

Pakistan is depicted as a victim as well as a sponsor of terrorism. The reason behind this characterisation is that Pakistan, since its inception in 1947, has experienced multifaceted violence, ranging from ethnic insurgencies to sectarian violence. At the same time, it has been blamed for fomenting violence in its neighbours. On the one hand, there have been anti-terrorism laws in place since the late 1990s; on the other, there is an Islamised public sphere that provides fecund soil for violent extremists to thrive. The questions to be addressed here are: What kinds of anti-terrorism laws exist in Pakistan and how effective are they against terrorism? What is the role of the state-managed curriculum in providing a conducive environment for the growth of violent extremism? This research appeals to the “garrison state” theory, which explains how “the specialists on violence” control every aspect of the state, complemented by the concept of “fragmented hegemony,” which explains how the seemingly corrupt multiple sites of power help the state maintain its hegemony over society.

Democratic Elitism – Conflict and Consensus

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Engelstad
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Elite Theory ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Constitutive Element

AbstractClassical elite theory stressed tensions between elites and democracy, whereas modern studies of elites take democracy as a point of departure – to a large extent under the heading of democratic elitism. This article discusses two strands of elite studies in a democracy perspective, one stressing elite conflict, the other focusing on elite consensus. As points of departure for empirical analysis both strands are valuable, but when linked to democratic theory they are insufficient. It is necessary to view elites in light of constitutional features that regulate their relationship with the state. Moreover, the public sphere must be taken into account as a constitutive element of democracy and as an arena for communication between elite groups and between them and citizenries.

scholarly journals The Provision of Radd in Inheritance Between Islamic Jurisprudence and the Algerian Family Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maiza Aissa
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Family Code

<p><em>This study is aimed to figure out  on how current legal device gives legal certainty over the excess of heritage partition (radd) in Algeria. The comparation between Islamic jurisprudence and the Algerian Family Law is used to analyse judicial consideration on which matters regarding the excess of heritage partition are based. The writer used normative law method which consists of statute approach and conceptual approach. The understanding of radd in Islamic scholars’ views differ from one another. Some scholars accept the concept and some do not. Those who disagree with radd consider that the excess of heritage should be given to bayt al mal as muslims representative. On the other hand, scholars who agree with the concept of radd ha</em><em>ve</em><em> also different opinions regarding who </em><em>are entitled</em><em> to receive the excess of heritage</em><em>. Some include spouse (husband or wife) but some exclude him/her. The Algerian Family Law gives provision in this case for a legal certanty, as it’s stated in </em><em>the article number 167 of the Algerian Family Code</em><em> that wife and husband are excluded to receive radd. They can only receive it in the absence of ashaba heirs/residuaries, other fixed share heirs, and  dzaw al arham (</em><em>uterine </em><em>relatives).</em></p><p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perangkat hukum saat ini memberikan kepastian hukum atas kelebihan bagian warisan (<em>radd</em>) di Aljazair. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perbandingan antara fikih Islam dan Hukum Keluarga Aljazair. Penulis menggunakan metode hukum normatif yang terdiri dari pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Pemahaman <em>radd</em> dalam pandangan sarjana Islam berbeda satu sama lain. Beberapa sarjana menerima konsep itu dan beberapa tidak. Mereka yang tidak setuju dengan <em>radd</em> menganggap bahwa kelebihan warisan harus diberikan kepada <em>bayt al mal</em> sebagai perwakilan muslim. Di sisi lain, para sarjana yang setuju dengan konsep radd juga memiliki pendapat berbeda tentang siapa yang berhak menerima kelebihan warisan. Hukum Keluarga Aljazair memberikan ketentuan dalam kasus ini untuk kepastian hukum, seperti yang dinyatakan dalam pasal 167 dari Kode Keluarga Aljazair bahwa istri dan suami dikecualikan untuk menerima <em>radd</em>. Mereka hanya dapat menerimanya tanpa adanya ahli waris/<em>ashaba</em><em>h</em>, pewaris bagian tetap lainnya, dan <em>dzaw al arham</em> (kerabat dekat).</em></p>

scholarly journals STATUS WANITA DI NEGARA MUSLIM MODERN: STUDI TERHADAP HUKUM KELUARGA DI TUNISIA DAN INDONESIA

Kodifikasia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Lia Noviana
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Muslim Majority

Salah satu fenomena penting yang muncul di dunia muslim sejak awal abad ke-20 adalah adanya upaya pembaharuan hukum keluarga di negara-negara berpenduduk mayoritas muslim baik dengan metode intra doctrinal reform maupun extra doctrinal reform. Adapun tujuan pembaharuan hukum keluarga di antaranya ialah untuk unifikasi hukum, tuntutan peningkatan status wanita dan merespon perkembangan masyarakat yang selalu bergerak dinamis. Dapat dikatakan bahwa tujuan kedua ini merupakan tujuan dari reformasi Undang-Undang Perkawinan di mayoritas negara-negara muslim, meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan di beberapa negara mencakup beberapa tujuan sekaligus. Dengan menggunakan metode descriptive comparative, penelitian ini membahas tentang materi-materi pembaharuan hukum keluarga dan faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya pembaharuan hukum keluarga di negara Tunisia dan Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya pembaharuan hukum keluarga di Tunisia tidak lepas dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor eksternal: pengaruh Prancis dalam usaha sekularisasi dan pengaruh Habib Bourguiba yang berhasrat menjadikan Tunisia sebagai negara sekuler dan faktor internal: adanya reinterpretasi nash Al-Qur’an dan peningkatan status wanita di Tunisia. Sedangkan pembaharuan hukum keluarga di Indonesia dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya heterogenitas masyarakat dan usaha unifikasi hukum. [One important phenomenon that has emerged in the Muslim world since the beginning of the 20th century is the effort to reform family law in Muslim-majority countries with both intra-doctrinal reform and extra doctrinal reform methods. Some of the objectives of the renewal of family law are to unify the law, to legalize women’s equal rights, and to respond to the dynamic development of a society. It is well known that the legalization of women’s equal rights is mostly becomes the main goal in reforming the Marriage Law in the majority of Muslim countries, although some countries may also put other goals at once. Using descriptive-comparative methods, this study attempts to discuss the renewal material of family law and the factors that underlie the renewal in Indonesia and Tunisia. The results of the study show that the renewal of family law in Tunisia is inseparably influenced by two factors; namely external factors: the influence of France in their secularization efforts as well as the influence of Habib Bourguiba, who desires to make Tunisia as a secular state; and the internal factors: the reinterpretation of the Qur'anic text and some efforts done in Tunisia to improve the women’s status. On the other hand, the renewal of family law in Indonesia is motivated by the heterogeneity of the community and the effort of law unification].

Polygamy and interfaith marriages according to Sharia, fiqh and current legislation of Muslim states

2021 ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Dzhamali T. Kuliev
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Interfaith Marriages ◽  
Islamic Marriage

In the article the author discusses whether polygamy and interfaith marriages are permissible according to Sharia, fiqh and recent legislation of some Muslim countries. The article aims at identifying whether the mentioned questions are regulated equally in accordance with Sharia, fiqh and current family laws. In case the regulation is various, it is necessary to give the answer what is the reason for such a discordance, as the basis of the state is the same - Sharia. The methodology of this work is based on the differentiation of the terms ‘Sharia’, ‘fiqh’ and ‘Islamic law’, as synonymising them, a person might come to incorrect conclusions. The author gives some basic postulates of an Islamic marriage and analyses it not only from a theoretic perspective (Sharia and fiqh), but also from a modern legislation one, which provides some practical significance to the research and gives an opportunity to apply the conclusions. As a result of this research the author concludes that interfaith marriages and polygamy are permitted in the context of Sharia and fiqh; while in the legislation of the countries accepted to be Islamic, the question on polygamy is sometimes solved completely differently from Sharia ideas. The mentioned discordances, various interpretations of Sharia and fiqh are, on the author’s opinion, connected with the process of globalisation. Although it has plenty of advantages, still there is one crucial drawback - ‘equalisation of countries’, which results in the loss of the identity of the countries engaged in the globalisation. This gives some ground to think over unification of family law in Arabic countries, as their norms regulating family relations deprive from one source.

scholarly journals Agama di Ruang Publik Politik

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dawam Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Role Of Religion

ABSTRACT: The question of the role of religion in the public sphere of politics is because of its history, the three monotheist religions, which is also called the Abrahamic religions. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and even Hinduism and Buddhism, in maintaining their existences and developments, always get into and even form their own power in a country. Indonesia is a secular nation state, which is not based on any particular religion as a political ideology, and yet its people are multi-religious. Even though the country is not based on religion, but religion has become a source of inspiration in its constitution, namely UUD (Undang Undang Dasar) 1945. On the one hand, people and the state are in unity for mutual support or mutual need. The state cannot be formed without people as its base. On the other hand, people need the state to protect the society. Constitution is needed to control the state and its leader. On the one hand this constitution curbs the power of its leader; and on the other hand it guarantees the fulfillment and the protection of civil rights that stem from human rights. The triangle of these institutions is a reality in the current modern world, especially in Indonesia, where religion has an important role, even though in Europe the stand and the role of religion is in the declining stage due to secularization and secularism principle. Yet the relationship of these three institutions in the current modern context cause a complex issues related to the boundaries of these three institutions. What are the principles that can continuously connects these three so that justice as the main principle can be uphold between the triangle of society, state and religion?KEY WORDS: religion, public sphere, nation, civil rights, human rights

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