A study on the Enzymatic Activity of some Alternaria Species and the Effect of some Environmental Factors in their Radial Growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
Zainab Kh. Abdullah ◽  
Abdul-Hafiz Al-Duboon ◽  
Basil A. Abbas ◽  
Tawfik M. Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Alternaria Species

scholarly journals Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (4) ◽  
pp. G816-G826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta Walsh ◽  
Loreto Olavarria-Ramirez ◽  
Gilliard Lach ◽  
Marcus Boehme ◽  
Timothy G. Dinan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

The gastrointestinal tract houses a reservoir of bacterial-derived enzymes that can directly catalyze the metabolism of drugs, dietary elements and endogenous molecules. Both host and environmental factors may influence this enzymatic activity, with the potential to dictate the availability of the biologically-active form of endogenous molecules in the gut and influence inter-individual variation in drug metabolism. We aimed to investigate the influence of the microbiota, and the modulation of its composition, on fecal enzymatic activity. Intrinsic factors related to the host, including age, sex and genetic background, were also explored. Fecalase, a cell-free extract of feces, was prepared and used in a colorimetric-based assay to quantify enzymatic activity. To demonstrate the functional effects of fecal enzymatic activity, we examined β-glucuronidase-mediated cleavage of serotonin β-d-glucuronide (5-HT-GLU) and the resultant production of free 5-HT by HPLC. As expected, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity were absent in germ-free mice. Enzymatic activity was significantly influenced by mouse strain and animal species. Sex and age significantly altered metabolic activity with implications for free 5-HT. β-Glucuronidase and β-glucosidase activity remained at reduced levels for nearly two weeks after cessation of antibiotic administration. This effect on fecalase corresponded to significantly lower 5-HT levels as compared with incubation with pre-antibiotic fecalase from the same mice. Dietary targeting of the microbiota using prebiotics did not alter β-glucuronidase or β-glucosidase activity. Our data demonstrate that multiple factors influence the activity of bacterial-derived enzymes which may have potential clinical implications for drug metabolism and the deconjugation of host-produced glucuronides in the gut. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article explores a comprehensive range of host and environmental factors that introduce variability in the expression of bacterial-derived metabolic enzymes. Our results demonstrate that altered β-glucuronidase activity has implications for the bioavailability of luminal serotonin. The experimental approach employed, fecalase, provides a mechanistic basis and translational platform to further delineate the functional outputs of altered metabolic activity, and the associated physiological effects of microbiota-targeted interventions on host response to drugs and host-produced glucuronides.

Response of stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce ( Picea crassifolia ) to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanyan Tian ◽  
Zhibin He ◽  
Shengchun Xiao ◽  
Xiaomei Peng ◽  
Aijun Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Picea Crassifolia ◽  
The Qilian Mountains ◽  
Qinghai Spruce

Glutathione S-transferases in tracheobronchial epithelium

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. L473-L481
Author(s):  
P. M. Reddy ◽  
C. P. Tu ◽  
R. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Mucous Cell ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
High Level

The purpose of this study is to characterize glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression in airway epithelium both in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemical staining of nonhuman primate lungs of well-controlled healthy animals reveals the presence of alpha- and pi-class GST isoenzymes in ciliated bronchial epithelium. The stain of mu-GST antibody is either very low or absent in some of these monkey lungs. We observed that primary tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells isolated from human and monkey pulmonary tissues maintain a relatively high level of GST enzymatic activity in culture, compared with various immortalized human TBE cell lines and other nonpulmonary cell lines. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of mu-, pi-, and microsomal-GST messages but not the alpha-class message in cultures of primary TBE cells as well as in various human TBE cell lines. The expression of mu- and pi-class GST genes can be further regulated in culture by various environmental factors; however, most of these regulating factors are associated with TBE cell differentiation in culture. For instance, vitamin A treatment, which was shown to enhance mucous cell differentiation in vitro, stimulated the message levels of mu- and pi-class GST. Furthermore, plating cells on collagen gel substrata, which also enhanced mucous cell differentiation in culture, instead of plastic culture surface, enhanced total GST enzymatic activity by eightfold, and this enhancement is related to an increase in the expression of the pi-class GST gene. These results demonstrated that GST genes are differentially expressed and regulated by various environmental factors in primary TBE cells and various cell lines, and the regulation is correlated to the mucous cell differentiation in culture.

TOTAL GROWTH OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF A WHITE SPRUCE TREE AT CHALK RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser ◽  
L. Belanger ◽  
D. McGuire ◽  
Z. Zdrazil
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Total Growth

Apical and radial growth in trunk and branches, and needle distribution were studied in a white spruce tree 11 meters high and 36 years old. Growth was summarized according to (1) years of formation (Oblique Summation), (2) transversely by trunk internodes (Horizontal Summation), and (3) position of the annual rings and branch internodes (and needles) relative to the pith or trunk respectively (Vertical Summation). In this study summations 1 and 3 were considered to reflect internal (nutritional and hormonal) controls of growth, whereas summation 2 represented the effect of environmental factors including periodicity of flower and seed formation.The tree studied possessed [Formula: see text] million needles when sampled in 1961, two-fifths of which were formed during the last 2 years of growth. The percentage of ash in the needles varied from 4 in the new needles to almost 8% in those 10 years old. The productive capacity of one "average" needle in terms of apical growth, trunk wood, and new needle formation was estimated.

scholarly journals Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp.

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 4184-4188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumpei Washio ◽  
Yuko Shimada ◽  
Masakazu Yamada ◽  
Ryouichi Sakamaki ◽  
Nobuhiro Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Type Strains

ABSTRACTIndigenous oral bacteria in the tongue coating such asVeillonellahave been identified as the main producers of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), one of the major components of oral malodor. However, there is little information on the physiological properties of H2S production by oralVeillonellasuch as metabolic activity and oral environmental factors which may affect H2S production. Thus, in the present study, the H2S-producing activity of growing cells, resting cells, and cell extracts of oralVeillonellaspecies and the effects of oral environmental factors, including pH and lactate, were investigated. Type strains ofVeillonella atypica,Veillonella dispar, andVeillonella parvulawere used. TheseVeillonellaspecies produced H2S during growth in the presence ofl-cysteine. Resting cells of these bacteria produced H2S froml-cysteine, and the cell extracts showed enzymatic activity to convertl-cysteine to H2S. H2S production by resting cells was higher at pH 6 to 7 and lower at pH 5. The presence of lactate markedly increased H2S production by resting cells (4.5- to 23.7-fold), while lactate had no effect on enzymatic activity in cell extracts. In addition to H2S, ammonia was produced in cell extracts of all the strains, indicating that H2S was produced by the catalysis of cystathionine γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1). Serine was also produced in cell extracts ofV. atypicaandV. parvula, suggesting the involvement of cystathionine β-synthase lyase (EC 4.2.1.22) in these strains. This study indicates thatVeillonellaproduce H2S froml-cysteine and that their H2S production can be regulated by oral environmental factors, namely, pH and lactate.

Response of daily stem radial growth of Platycladus orientalis to environmental factors in a semi-arid area of North China

Trees ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang ◽  
Bing-Qin Wang ◽  
Man-Yu Dong ◽  
Yong-Mei Huang ◽  
Ming-Chang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
North China ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Is the Radial Growth of Irrigated Urban Trees More Strongly Correlated to Light and Temperature than Water?

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-231
Author(s):  
Kevin Griffin ◽  
Thomas Harris ◽  
Sarah Bruner ◽  
Patrick McKenzie ◽  
Jeremy Hise
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Predictive Understanding

Background: Real-time monitoring of tree growth can provide novel information about trees in urban/suburban areas and the myriad ecosystem services they provide. By monitoring irrigated specimen trees, we tested the hypothesis that in trees with sufficient water, growth is governed by environmental factors regulating energy gain rather than by factors related to water use. Methods: Internet-enabled, high-resolution dendrometers were installed on 3 trees in Southampton, NY, USA. The instruments, along with a weather station, streamed data to a project web page that was updated once an hour. Growing periods were determined using a Hidden Markov Model based on a zero-growth model. Linear models and conditional inference trees correlated environmental variables to growth magnitude and rate of growth. Results: Growth was governed by the interacting environmental variables of air temperature, soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and took place primarily at night. Radial growth of spruce began April 14 after the accumulation of 69.7 °C growing degree days and ended September 7. Cedar growth began later (April 26) after the accumulation of 160.6 °C and ended later (November 3). During the observation period, these 3 modest suburban trees sequestered 115.1 kg of CO2. Conclusions: Though irrigated, residential tree growth in our experiment was affected by environmental factors relating to both water use and energy gain through photosynthesis. Linking tree growth to fluctuations in environmental conditions facilitates the development of a predictive understanding useful for ecosystem management and growth forecasting across future altering climates.

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