CULTIVATED AEROSOL MICROORGANISMS DETECTED DURING AIRPLANE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE OVER THE ARCTIC SEAS OF RUSSIA

In September 2020, the atmosphere was probed using the Optik Tu-134 aircraft laboratory over the waters of the Arctic Ocean seas: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Bering seas. Unique samples of atmospheric aerosols were collected at the altitudes from 200 to 10,000 m including samples in impingers for identification and genetic analysis of culturable microorganisms. The paper presents data on the concentrations and diversity of bacteria and fungi isolated by seeding 24 samples of atmospheric aerosols collected at different altitudes over the Arctic seas of Russia. The main morphophysiological, biochemical and genomic characteristics were obtained for 152 bacterial cultures, and the taxonomic groups they belong to were determined.

Download Full-text

Distribution, fluxes and balance of particulate organic carbon in the Arctic ocean

Океанология ◽

10.31857/s0030-1574594544-552 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 544-552

Author(s):

A. A. Vetrov ◽

E. A. Romankevich

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Arctic Ocean ◽

Particulate Organic Carbon ◽

The Arctic ◽

Climate Data ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Main Component ◽

Depth Horizon

Particulate organic carbon (POC) is one of main component of carbon cycle in the Ocean. In this study an attempt to construct a picture of the distribution and fluxes of POC in the Arctic Ocean adjusting for interchange with the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans has been made. The specificity of this construction is associated with an irregular distribution of POC measurements and complicated structure and hydrodynamics of the waters masses. To overcome these difficulties, Multiple Linear Regression technic (MLR) was performed to test the significant relation between POC, temperature, salinity, as well depth, horizon, latitude and offshore distance. The mapping of POC distribution and its fluxes was carrying out at 38 horizons from 5 to 4150 m (resolution 1°×1°). Data on temperature, salinity, meridional and zonal components of current velocities were obtained from ORA S4 database (Integrated Climate Data Center, http://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de/las). The import-export of POC between the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as well as between Arctic Seas was precomputed by summer fluxes. The import of POC in the Arctic Ocean is estimated to be 38±8Tg Cyr-1, and the export is -9.5±4.4Tg Cyr-1.

Download Full-text

Characteristics of the Russian shelf seas in the Arctic Ocean regarding the content of heavy minerals in surface sediments: new data

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1166 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Popova

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Barents Sea ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Heavy Minerals ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Riverine Input ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Shelf Seas

Such factors as climate, currents, morphology, riverine input, and the source rocks influence the composition of the sediments in the Arctic Ocean. Heavy minerals being quite inert in terms of transport can reflect the geology of the source rock clearly and indicate the riverine input. There is a long history of studying the heavy mineral composition of the sediments in the Arctic Ocean. The works by Vogt (1997), Kosheleva (1999), Stein (2008), and others study the distribution of the minerals both on a sea scale and oceanwide. The current study covers Russian shelf seas: Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas. To collect the material several data sources were used: data collected by the institute VNIIOkeangeologia during numerous expeditions since 2000 for mapping the shelf, data from the old expedition reports (earlier than 2000) taken from the geological funds, and datasets from PANGAEA (www.pangaea.de). About 82 minerals and groups of minerals were included in the joint dataset. The density of the sample points varied significantly in all seas: 1394 data points in the Barents Sea, 713 in the Kara Sea, 487 in the Laptev Sea, 196 in the East Siberian Sea, and 245 in the Chukchi Sea. These data allowed comparing the areas in terms of major minerals and associations. Maps of prevailing and significant components were created in ODV (Schlitzer, 2020) to demonstrate the differences between the seas and indicate the sites of remarkable changes in the source rocks. Additionally, the standardized ratio was calculated to perform quantitative comparison: the sea average was divided by the weighted sea average and then the ratio of that number to the mineral average was found. Only the minerals present in at least four seas and amounting to at least 20 points per sea were considered. As a result, water areas with the highest content of particular minerals were detected. The ratio varied from 0 to 3,4. Combining the ratio data for various minerals allowed mapping specific groups or provinces for every sea and within the seas.&#160;Kosheleva, V.A., & Yashin, D.S. (1999). Bottom Sediments of the Arctic Seas. St. Petersburg: VNIIOkeangeologia, 286pp. (in Russian).PANGAEA. Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://www.pangaea.de/Schlitzer, R. (2020). Ocean Data View, Retrieved from https://odv.awi.de.Stein, R. (2008). Arctic Ocean Sediments: Processes, Proxies, and Paleoenvironment. Oxford: Elsevier, 602pp.Vogt, C. (1997). Regional and temporal variations of mineral assemblages in Arctic Ocean sediments as a climatic indicator during glacial/interglacial changes. Berichte Zur Polarforschung, 251, 309pp.

Download Full-text

Marine Heatwaves in Siberian Arctic Seas and Adjacent Region

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13214436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 4436

Author(s):

Elena Golubeva ◽

Marina Kraineva ◽

Gennady Platov ◽

Dina Iakshina ◽

Marina Tarkhanova

Keyword(s):

Numerical Modeling ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Arctic Ocean ◽

Northern Region ◽

Arctic Sea Ice ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Siberian Arctic ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

The Impact

We used a satellite-derived global daily sea surface temperature (SST) dataset with resolution 0.25 × 0.25∘ to analyze interannual changes in the Arctic Shelf seas from 2000 to 2020 and to reveal extreme events in SST distribution. Results show that the second decade of the 21st century for the Siberian Arctic seas turned significantly warmer than the first decade, and the increase in SST in the Arctic seas could be considered in terms of marine heatwaves. Analyzing the spatial distribution of heatwaves and their characteristics, we showed that from 2018 to 2020, the surface warming extended to the northern deep-water region of the Laptev Sea 75∘ to 81∘N. To reveal the most important forcing for the northward extension of the marine heatwaves, we used three-dimensional numerical modeling of the Arctic Ocean based on a sea-ice and ocean model forced by the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. The simulation of the Arctic Ocean variability from 2000 to 2020 showed marine heatwaves and their increasing intensity in the northern region of the Kara and Laptev seas, closely connected to the disappearance of ice cover. A series of numerical experiments on the sensitivity of the model showed that the main factors affecting the Arctic sea-ice loss and the formation of anomalous temperature north of the Siberian Arctic seas are equally the thermal and dynamic effects of the atmosphere. Numerical modeling allows us to examine the impact of other physical mechanisms as well. Among them were the state of the ocean and winter sea ice, the formation of fast ice polynias and riverine heat influx.

Download Full-text

Trends in the intensity of dense water cascading from the Arctic shelves due to ice cover reduction in the Arctic seas

Arctic and Antarctic Research ◽

10.30758/0555-2648-2021-67-4-318-327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 318-327

Author(s):

F. K. Tuzov

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Barents Sea ◽

Beaufort Sea ◽

Ice Cover ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Dense Water ◽

The Barents Sea ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Shelf Seas

The article discusses the possible relationship between changes in the ice cover area of the shelf seas of the Arctic Ocean and the intensity of dense water cascading, based on calculation data obtained with the NEMO model for the period 1986–2010, with the findings issued at 5-day intervals and a spatial resolution of 1/10°. The cascading cases were calculated using an innovative method developed by the author. The work is based on the assumption that as the ice cover in the seas retreats, the formation of cooled dense water masses is intensified, which submerge and flow down the slope from the shelf to great depths. Thus, in the Arctic shelf seas, the mechanism of water densification due to cooling is added to the mechanism of water densification during ice formation, or, replaces it for certain regions. It was found that in the Barents Sea, the Laptev Sea and the Beaufort Sea, a decrease in the ice cover area causes an increase in the number of cases of cascading. However, in most of the Arctic seas, as the area of ice cover decreases, the number of cases of cascading also decreases. As a consequence, for the whole Arctic shelf area, the number of cases of cascading also decreases with decreasing ice cover. It is shown that in the Beaufort Sea the maximum number of cascading cases was observed in the winter period of 2007–2008, which was preceded by the summer minimum of the ice cover area in the Arctic Ocean. In the Barents Sea after 2000, a situation has been observed where the ice area has been decreasing to zero values, whereas the number of cascading cases has for some time (1 month approximately) remained close to high winter values. This possibly means that the cooling and densification of the waters in ice-free areas occurs due to thermal convection. Based on the calculation of the number of cases of cascading, it can be argued that the intensification of cascading due to a reduction in the ice cover is a feature of individual seas of the Arctic Ocean, those in which there is no excessive freshening of the upper water layer due to ice melting.

Download Full-text

Reservoirs of the Catchment Areas of the Arctic Seas of Russia

Водные ресурсы ◽

10.31857/s0321-0596462123-131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 123-131

Author(s):

E. A. Barabanova

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Water Regime ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Catchment Areas ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Irtysh Basin ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Annual Discharge

The spatial-temporal distribution of reservoirs in the catchment areas of the seas of the Arctic Ocean within the Russian Federation and the main rivers flowing into them have been analyzed. Additionally, Ob River is considered as a whole together with the Kazakh part of the Irtysh Basin. The stages of hydrotechnical development of water resources have been identified and characterized. The influence of reservoirs on the water regime and the annual discharge of the main rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean have been determined. The prospects for the creation of reservoirs are shown.

Download Full-text

Biodiversity of the Arctic Ocean in the Face of Climate Change

Papers on Global Change IGBP ◽

10.2478/v10190-010-0007-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 89-91

Author(s):

Jan Węsławski

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Arctic Ocean ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Global Climate ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

The Face

Biodiversity of the Arctic Ocean in the Face of Climate Change Global climate changes which has been observed over the recent years affects organisms occurring in the Arctic seas and the functioning of the whole maritime ecosystems there. The research note presents and briefly analyses the biological diversity of the Arctic Ocean and the most important factors which change the relations between organisms and the environment in the Arctic.

Download Full-text

The spatial and interannual dynamics of the surface water carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the outer shelf and slope of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-13-997-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 997-1016 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Irina I. Pipko ◽

Svetlana P. Pugach ◽

Igor P. Semiletov ◽

Leif G. Anderson ◽

Natalia E. Shakhova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Surface Water ◽

High Resolution ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Arctic Ocean ◽

Outer Shelf ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Seas ◽

Carbonate System ◽

The Arctic Ocean

Abstract. The Arctic is undergoing dramatic changes which cover the entire range of natural processes, from extreme increases in the temperatures of air, soil, and water, to changes in the cryosphere, the biodiversity of Arctic waters, and land vegetation. Small changes in the largest marine carbon pool, the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, can have a profound impact on the carbon dioxide (CO2) flux between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the feedback of this flux to climate. Knowledge of relevant processes in the Arctic seas improves the evaluation and projection of carbon cycle dynamics under current conditions of rapid climate change. Investigation of the CO2 system in the outer shelf and continental slope waters of the Eurasian Arctic seas (the Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas) during 2006, 2007, and 2009 revealed a general trend in the surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) distribution, which manifested as an increase in pCO2 values eastward. The existence of this trend was defined by different oceanographic and biogeochemical regimes in the western and eastern parts of the study area; the trend is likely increasing due to a combination of factors determined by contemporary change in the Arctic climate, each change in turn evoking a series of synergistic effects. A high-resolution in situ investigation of the carbonate system parameters of the four Arctic seas was carried out in the warm season of 2007; this year was characterized by the next-to-lowest historic sea-ice extent in the Arctic Ocean, on satellite record, to that date. The study showed the different responses of the seawater carbonate system to the environment changes in the western vs. the eastern Eurasian Arctic seas. The large, open, highly productive water area in the northern Barents Sea enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake. In contrast, the uptake of CO2 was strongly weakened in the outer shelf and slope waters of the East Siberian Arctic seas under the 2007 environmental conditions. The surface seawater appears in equilibrium or slightly supersaturated by CO2 relative to atmosphere because of the increasing influence of river runoff and its input of terrestrial organic matter that mineralizes, in combination with the high surface water temperature during sea-ice-free conditions. This investigation shows the importance of processes that vary on small scales, both in time and space, for estimating the air–sea exchange of CO2. It stresses the need for high-resolution coverage of ocean observations as well as time series. Furthermore, time series must include multi-year studies in the dynamic regions of the Arctic Ocean during these times of environmental change.

Download Full-text

Biogeography of Heterotrophic Flagellate Populations Indicates the Presence of Generalist and Specialist Taxa in the Arctic Ocean

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02737-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 2137-2148 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mary Thaler ◽

Connie Lovejoy

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Water Column ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Species Level ◽

The Arctic ◽

Heterotrophic Flagellate ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Content Type ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

Taxonomic Groups

ABSTRACTHeterotrophic marine flagellates (HF) are ubiquitous in the world's oceans and represented in nearly all branches of the domain Eukaryota. However, the factors determining distributions of major taxonomic groups are poorly known. The Arctic Ocean is a good model environment for examining the distribution of functionally similar but phylogenetically diverse HF because the physical oceanography and annual ice cycles result in distinct environments that could select for microbial communities or favor specific taxa. We reanalyzed new and previously published high-throughput sequencing data from multiple studies in the Arctic Ocean to identify broad patterns in the distribution of individual taxa. HF accounted for fewer than 2% to over one-half of the reads from the water column and for up to 60% of reads from ice, which was dominated byCryothecomonas. In the water column, many HF phylotypes belonging to Telonemia and Picozoa, uncultured marine stramenopiles (MAST), and choanoflagellates were geographically widely distributed. However, for two groups in particular, Telonemia andCryothecomonas, some species level taxa showed more restricted distributions. For example, several phylotypes of Telonemia favored open waters with lower nutrients such as the Canada Basin and offshore of the Mackenzie Shelf. In summary, we found that while some Arctic HF were successful over a range of conditions, others could be specialists that occur under particular conditions. We conclude that tracking species level diversity in HF not only is feasible but also provides a potential tool for understanding the responses of marine microbial ecosystems to rapidly changing ice regimes.

Download Full-text