НЕИЗВЕСТНЫЕ ИЗДАНИЯ И НОВЫЕ ФОРМЫ ПЕЧАТИ МОСКОВСКОГО ПЕЧАТНОГО ДВОРА ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVII ВЕКА

Author(s):  
Ирина Васильевна Поздеева

Аннотация. В статье на основании анализа репертуара Московского Печатного двора второй половины XVII века, составленного по данным архива Приказа книгопечатного дела, показаны новые формы печатных изданий, новые задачи Государева Печатного двора и их успешное решение. В результате показано, что Московский Печатный двор в исследуемый период стал важнейшим инструментом подготовки страны и ее населения к петровским реформам, ознаменовавшим наступление в России новой эпохи. Abstract. Based on the analysis of the repertoire of the Moscow Printing House of the second half of the 17th century, compiled from the data of the archive of the Order of the Printing Industry, the article shows new forms of printed publications, new tasks of the Tsar’s Printing House and their successful solution. As a result, it is shown that the Moscow Printing House during the period under study became the most important tool for preparing the country and its population for the Peter’s reforms, which marked the onset of a new era in Russia.

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-186
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Savel’eva ◽  

The article is devoted to the publication history of two poetic gnomologies (collections of maxims) as part of the collection “Anfologion” published in 1660 at the Moscow Print Yard. This collection house primarily published works translated from the Modern Greek Venetian editions, which presented new versions of monuments of hagiography and Byzantine patristic heritage, theological treatises and poetic works of medieval Christian authors. Some translations were made by the publisher — director (spravshchik) of the Printing House Arseny Grek. Among his translations there were also collections of poetic maxims Chapters… from the book Paradise and Tetrastichae sententiae by Gregory Nazianzen. Until now these texts were known in Slavic translation only from the Moscow edition of 1660. The article provides information about the previously unknown translation of both gnomologies, found in a Western Russian manuscript of the early 17th century. The study of the texts showed that one of them ( Chapters… from the Book Paradise ) was published in Anfologion in this translation, and the newly found translation of the maxims of Gregory Nazianzen was used by Arseny Greek to work on his text. The author expresses a hypothesis about the origin of the newly found translation of two gnomologies from the literary circles of the Ostrog Book publishing Center, and its possible attribution to Cyprian, the author, publisher and translator directly related to the works of the Ostrog printing house and the printing house of the Derman Monastery. Newly found translations are published in the Appendix.


2017 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Valentina Bochkovskaya

Pochaivska Lavra was one of the largest cultural centers in the XVIII - the first third of the XIX century. Pochaivs’ka Lavra Printing house, after the printing house of the Kyiv-Pechers’k Monastery, was one of most powerful publishing center in the Ukrainian lands. Until the end of the XVIII century it published about 250 editions in Cyrillic and about 200 editions in Latin and others languages. At present, relevant is unbiased and objective coverage of all aspects of the activity of the Pochayivs’ka Lavra at the period of the Basilians as the least studied and on the other hand as the most productive period, especially in the book publishing process. The purpose of this article is an attempt to determine the role of the Pochayiv monastery as the center of the unification of Ukrainians, analyzing the repertoire of the Pochayiv publishing house at the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the language of publications, their design and contacts with other publishing houses. It is concluded that the most productive activity of the Pochayiv printing house was Uniate period - XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. The typical features of the printing industry of this time were: a diverse repertoire of books that included the spiritual and secular literature of various Christian confessions, original and translated works of religious moralistic content, multilingual editions, and their high artistic level. The activity of the Pochayiv Assumption printing house extending beyond narrow confessional boundaries. Like the Kyiv editions were used not only by the Orthodox, but also by the Catholics of the Byzantine rite, the Pochaiv books and engravings spread among the Orthodox population of Ukraine. The undoubted merit of this cultural and spiritual center was that it continued the tradition of printing Ukrainian-language publications in conditions where the Kyiv- Pechers’ka printing house was deprived of such a possibility under the pressure of decrees of Russian secular and church authorities. The Pochayiv printing house maintained close contacts with other publishing centers - both Uniate and Orthodox. This is evidenced by the active using and reprint of their publications in Pochaiv. Despite the different denominations, there were close contacts between the Pochayiv Uniate and Kyiv-Pechers’k Orthodox printing houses. This testified to the spiritual unity of Ukrainian lands besides state borders, religious and administrative barriers of secular and church authorities.


2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 126-166
Author(s):  
Ирина [Irina] Поздеева [Pozdeeva]

Moscow Printing House in the 17th Century: Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age In Russia, the use of the printing press began in the middle of the 16th century. Book printing in Moscow was interrupted during the Time of Troubles and restored in 1614/1615. In the 17th century, the process developed technically and culturally. Book printing Prikaz was established to manage the Printing House.This paper tries to summarize activities of MPH (Moscow Print House) in the period of 1615–1700 on the basis of the continuous study of documents from the Prikaz’s Archive: the character of the repertoire (analysis covers 632 titles according to Archive instead of the 469 that physically survived and was listed in the A. S. Zernova’ catalogue (№ 30–498)) and its change depending on the internal and external priorities of the state. In this study for the first time there were specified exactly the number of copies in a run, production cost and decreed selling price.Using documents from the Archive and notes written in the books the social and geographical aspects of the proliferation of tens of thousand of new published books were established; these has allowed to prove that in the late 1730s a printed book already had become a real factor in the development of majority of Russian regions, and that be the middle of the century, a common Slavic book market has been formed.For analytical purposes all titles printed in the 17th century are divided into five types according to their primary function, and we examine how these publica­tions were relevant to establishing and strengthening of the Romanov dynasty and the Russian statehood:Canon – the Four Gospels and the Apostle, the first edition of the Bible (Moscow, 1963);Publications of the didactic nature for canonic and non-canonic reading (traditional for script booklore and a new type);Publications for public and private worship, texts of which accompanied every human life, activities of state institutions and government.Research in the Archive allowed us to revise conclusively a scientific concept stating that Moscow Printing House did not print books for educational purposes. The article provides information about numerous, previously unknown 51 edition of “ABC on the sheet” (“Azbuka na listu” – “The First Teachings for Children”, 258,000 copies), 9 editions of the Primer (22,320 copies), 35 editions of the Training Book of Hours (132,000 copies), 35 editions of the Training Hymns (93,600 copies). More than half a million (536,420) copies of all publications for teaching the Faith and letters were printed, that was 52.98% of the total circulation (numbers of copies) of all these years.In the paper we briefly describe the fifth type of publications – reference books. These activities of the Moscow Printing House helped to train the competent and active people who supported Peter’s reforms and transformation of medieval Rus into the Russian Empire of the Modern Age. Drukarnia moskiewska w XVII wieku – od średniowiecza do ery nowożytnej W Rosji zaczęto używać prasy drukarskiej w połowie XVI w. Drukowanie książek w Moskwie zostało przerwane w okresie Smuty i przywrócone w latach 1614/1615. W XVII w. proces druku rozwinął się pod względem technicznym i kulturowym. Założono Prikaz celem zarządzania drukarnią.W artykule podsumowano działalność moskiewskiej drukarni w latach 1615–1700 na podstawie badań dokumentów z archiwum: omówiony został charakter produkcji wydawniczej [analiza obejmuje 632 tytuły, które się ukazały (zgodnie z danymi archiwum), zamiast 498 zachowanych i zarejestrowanych w katalogu A. S. Ziernowej (№ 30–498)] oraz przemiany zależne od wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych priorytetów państwa. W artykule po raz pierwszy określona zostaje liczba egzemplarzy (nakład) książek, koszt ich produkcji i ceny detaliczne ustalone przez państwo.Korzystając z dokumentów z archiwum i not wpisanych do ksiąg, ustalono spo­łeczne i geograficzne aspekty rozpowszechniania dziesiątek tysięcy nowo drukowanych książek; pozwoliło to na dowiedzenie, że w latach 30. XVII w. książka drukowana stała się już realnym czynnikiem rozwoju większości regionów Rosji, a ponadto że w połowie wieku powstał wspólny słowiański rynek książki.Dla celów analizy wszystkie tytuły drukowane w XVII w. zostały podzielone na 5 kategorii według ich prymarnej funkcji. Autorka docieka, w jaki sposób publikacje te przyczyniły się do ustanowienia i wzmocnienia dynastii Romanowów oraz rozwoju rosyjskiej państwowości:kanon – cztery Ewangelie i Apostoł, pierwsze wydanie Biblii (Moskwa, 1963);publikacje o charakterze dydaktycznym do czytań kanonicznych i niekanonicz­nych (tradycyjne i nowego typu);publikacje do publicznego i prywatnego wyznawania wiary, towarzyszące każdemu człowiekowi oraz działalności instytucji państwowych i rządowych.Badania przeprowadzone w archiwum pozwoliły autorce zrewidować w sposób przekonujący dominującą od dawna koncepcję, że drukarnia moskiewska nie drukowała książek dla celów edukacyjnych. Artykuł podaje informacje o licznych, dotąd nieznanych 51 edycjach Azbuka na listu – Pierwszych Nauk dla Dzieci (258 000 egz.), 9 edycjach Elementarza (22 320 egz.), 35 edycjach Księgi Godzin (132 000 egz.), 35 edycjach Hymnów (93 600 egz.). Wydrukowano ponad pół miliona (536 420) egz. wszystkich publikacji do nauczania wiary oraz listów , tj. 52,98% całkowitego nakładu w tych latach.Krótko opisano w artykule piąty typ – książki z księgozbioru podręcznego. Dzięki drukarni moskiewskiej wykształcono kompetentnych i aktywnych zwolenników reform Piotra i transformacji średniowiecznej Rusi w Rosyjskie Imperium epoki nowożytnej.


Author(s):  
A. M. Glazer

‘A long history’ explains that it was during the 17th-century Enlightenment that saw the systematic study of crystals or ‘crystallography’ by key scientists including Johannes Kepler, Robert Hooke, Christian Huygens, Nicolas Steno, and Abbé René-Just Haüy—the true father of crystallography, who postulated that crystals must be made up of regular arrangements of polyhedral units. The 19th century saw new theories of crystals with the identification of thirty-two crystal classes, fourteen Bravais lattices, and 230 possible space groups. A new era of crystallography emerged with the discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals by Max Theodor Felix Laue. William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg went on to identify many crystal structures.


Author(s):  
Zhaleh Sedghi Noushabadi ◽  
Soqrat Omari Shekaftik ◽  
Agha Fatemeh Hosseini ◽  
Azadeh Ashtarinezhad

Background: Different chemical materials especially inks are used in printing industry and lead is one of the ingredients that make up its pigments. Therefore, the objectives of present study were to examine blood lead levels and determine the correlation between hygiene behaviors and blood lead levels among workers in one of the printing industry located in the west of Tehran province. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that conducted in 2018, 80 workers of a printing house were selected. Blood samples were collected according NIOSH 8003 method and analyzed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer GF 5000 model. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation test using SPSS 20. The significance level of 0.05 considered for results. Results: The range of blood lead levels was 0.0094 to 0.1968 ppb. Individuals who worked in printing patterns process on cardboard sheets had blood lead levels higher than those working in other processes in this printing house (P < 0.001). The workers who did not use masks (P = 0.034) and gloves (P < 0.001) had higher mean lead atomic absorption than the others. Conclusion: The lack of using personal protective equipment could potentially increase the blood lead levels in printing industry workers.  


Author(s):  
Alexander N. Levichkin ◽  

The article is devoted to several dictionary monuments related to the Azbukovnik genre, which arose and developed in Old Russian lexicography in the 17th century. Several manuscripts of these monuments, judging by the handwriting, are related to the lexicographer David Zamaray who was the head of the Moscow Printing House in the early 17th century. The characteristic handwriting of David Zamaray, with which the manuscripts with his author’s notes were written, is found in the manuscripts of the National Library of Russia (RNL), Solovetskoye sobr., No. 302/322, RNB, Sophijskoe sobr., No. 1567. Also, presumably Zamaray can be attributed to the list of manuscripts of the Russian State Library (RSL), collection S.O.Dolgova, No. 45. Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia, Solovetskoye collection, No. 302/322 and RSL, collection S.O.Dolgova, No. 45 refer to the little-studied period of the formation of the Azbukovnik genre. The first manuscript, organized alphabetically and partly by thematic organization of the vocabulary material, probably served as a reference for David Zamaray in his work on other dictionaries. The second manuscript is part of the lexicographic tradition of the early alphabet books, in which manuscripts of two editions are distinguished. The RNL manuscript, Sophia collection, No. 1567 is a manuscript of a separate edition of the Sixth Azbukovnik described in the article in comparison with other lexicographic monuments.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Nagirnyy

Chernelytsia by the Dniester. The Development of a Medieval Grod Into a TownThe article explores the early history and gradual modernisation of Chernelytsia – a town of Pokkuttya region. The first settlement in this region was noted on a high triangular cape on the right bank of the Dniester. Initially, it was a modestly fortified settlement located on the border of the Kievan state. However, after its incorporation into the Galicia Rostislav state and subsequently into Galicia–Volhynia Romanovich state, the settlement developed into a tri-part fortified grod of 5 ha in area. The author hypothesises that the grod ceased to be active between the 2nd half of the 16th century and the 1st half of the 17th century, after it had fallen prey to the Tatars who had raided Pokkuttya. Another period in the history of Chernelytsia is marked by the emergence of a new settlement at the area of today’s town’s centre. The emergence is dated at the 1st half of the 15th century. Initially, both the new settlement and the old grod were active, however, soon after being granted a municipal charter, the new settlement took the lead in social and economic activity. The town structure ossified in the 17th century when the bastion castle was built, as well as the St Archangel Michael Church and a Dominican monastery. Also, three tserkov churches were active in Chernelytsia at that time. The market square emerged, the town hall and a synagogue were built, and suburbs became discernible. The town plan changed only at the end of the 18th century when the new era in town’s history started.


Author(s):  
Ivan Pinćjer ◽  
◽  
Nada Miketić ◽  
Ivana Tomić ◽  
Savka Adamović ◽  
...  

The revolution in the printing industry started by digital printing has resulted in the introduction of personalised production of small runs, fast job changes and short deadlines. By introducing digital printing into mainstream and production focus, even for the largest printing machine manufacturers, a new era of the graphic industry has just begun. After these significant changes in the printing process, the following process of graphic production – post-press needs to be digitalised. The initial goal is to back up the possibilities of digital printing and enable it to be applied as widely as possible to its full potential. Postpress has become a bottleneck in the digital world. One of the analogous processes, which is the focus of improvement, is the cutting of graphic materials in irregular shapes in the process of creating packaging. The use of lasers enables the digitisation of the die-cut or partial cutting post-press process. Cutting of different shapes is obtained when the laser touches the substrate and where it evaporates at that moment. A thermal process accompanies this evaporation, that to a greater or lesser extent affects the substrate to be cut. The parameters that govern laser are the subject of this paper. The development of laser cutting technology has opened various possibilities for innovations in the graphic and printing industry. Since this is still considered as new technology, extensive researches on its options are essential to reach the full potential of this technology. This paper is going to analyse the overall characteristics and use of laser technology in the graphic industry by focusing on the processing of paper materials. Indispensible to mention are the advantages and disadvantages of this technology. There are a lot of comparisons among existing technologies developed for cutting graphic materials and paper. The importance of this topic is concerning all production phases of the graphic product – from processing the raw material to cutting the final product such as packaging. Regarding that, the scope of the laser processing of the graphic materials is reviewed. The paper gives suggestions for further research and experiments regarding this topic.


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