scholarly journals Московский печатный двор XVII в.: между средневековьем и Новым временем

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 126-166
Author(s):  
Ирина [Irina] Поздеева [Pozdeeva]
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Book Printing ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Printing House

Moscow Printing House in the 17th Century: Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age In Russia, the use of the printing press began in the middle of the 16th century. Book printing in Moscow was interrupted during the Time of Troubles and restored in 1614/1615. In the 17th century, the process developed technically and culturally. Book printing Prikaz was established to manage the Printing House.This paper tries to summarize activities of MPH (Moscow Print House) in the period of 1615–1700 on the basis of the continuous study of documents from the Prikaz’s Archive: the character of the repertoire (analysis covers 632 titles according to Archive instead of the 469 that physically survived and was listed in the A. S. Zernova’ catalogue (№ 30–498)) and its change depending on the internal and external priorities of the state. In this study for the first time there were specified exactly the number of copies in a run, production cost and decreed selling price.Using documents from the Archive and notes written in the books the social and geographical aspects of the proliferation of tens of thousand of new published books were established; these has allowed to prove that in the late 1730s a printed book already had become a real factor in the development of majority of Russian regions, and that be the middle of the century, a common Slavic book market has been formed.For analytical purposes all titles printed in the 17th century are divided into five types according to their primary function, and we examine how these publica­tions were relevant to establishing and strengthening of the Romanov dynasty and the Russian statehood:Canon – the Four Gospels and the Apostle, the first edition of the Bible (Moscow, 1963);Publications of the didactic nature for canonic and non-canonic reading (traditional for script booklore and a new type);Publications for public and private worship, texts of which accompanied every human life, activities of state institutions and government.Research in the Archive allowed us to revise conclusively a scientific concept stating that Moscow Printing House did not print books for educational purposes. The article provides information about numerous, previously unknown 51 edition of “ABC on the sheet” (“Azbuka na listu” – “The First Teachings for Children”, 258,000 copies), 9 editions of the Primer (22,320 copies), 35 editions of the Training Book of Hours (132,000 copies), 35 editions of the Training Hymns (93,600 copies). More than half a million (536,420) copies of all publications for teaching the Faith and letters were printed, that was 52.98% of the total circulation (numbers of copies) of all these years.In the paper we briefly describe the fifth type of publications – reference books. These activities of the Moscow Printing House helped to train the competent and active people who supported Peter’s reforms and transformation of medieval Rus into the Russian Empire of the Modern Age. Drukarnia moskiewska w XVII wieku – od średniowiecza do ery nowożytnej W Rosji zaczęto używać prasy drukarskiej w połowie XVI w. Drukowanie książek w Moskwie zostało przerwane w okresie Smuty i przywrócone w latach 1614/1615. W XVII w. proces druku rozwinął się pod względem technicznym i kulturowym. Założono Prikaz celem zarządzania drukarnią.W artykule podsumowano działalność moskiewskiej drukarni w latach 1615–1700 na podstawie badań dokumentów z archiwum: omówiony został charakter produkcji wydawniczej [analiza obejmuje 632 tytuły, które się ukazały (zgodnie z danymi archiwum), zamiast 498 zachowanych i zarejestrowanych w katalogu A. S. Ziernowej (№ 30–498)] oraz przemiany zależne od wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych priorytetów państwa. W artykule po raz pierwszy określona zostaje liczba egzemplarzy (nakład) książek, koszt ich produkcji i ceny detaliczne ustalone przez państwo.Korzystając z dokumentów z archiwum i not wpisanych do ksiąg, ustalono spo­łeczne i geograficzne aspekty rozpowszechniania dziesiątek tysięcy nowo drukowanych książek; pozwoliło to na dowiedzenie, że w latach 30. XVII w. książka drukowana stała się już realnym czynnikiem rozwoju większości regionów Rosji, a ponadto że w połowie wieku powstał wspólny słowiański rynek książki.Dla celów analizy wszystkie tytuły drukowane w XVII w. zostały podzielone na 5 kategorii według ich prymarnej funkcji. Autorka docieka, w jaki sposób publikacje te przyczyniły się do ustanowienia i wzmocnienia dynastii Romanowów oraz rozwoju rosyjskiej państwowości:kanon – cztery Ewangelie i Apostoł, pierwsze wydanie Biblii (Moskwa, 1963);publikacje o charakterze dydaktycznym do czytań kanonicznych i niekanonicz­nych (tradycyjne i nowego typu);publikacje do publicznego i prywatnego wyznawania wiary, towarzyszące każdemu człowiekowi oraz działalności instytucji państwowych i rządowych.Badania przeprowadzone w archiwum pozwoliły autorce zrewidować w sposób przekonujący dominującą od dawna koncepcję, że drukarnia moskiewska nie drukowała książek dla celów edukacyjnych. Artykuł podaje informacje o licznych, dotąd nieznanych 51 edycjach Azbuka na listu – Pierwszych Nauk dla Dzieci (258 000 egz.), 9 edycjach Elementarza (22 320 egz.), 35 edycjach Księgi Godzin (132 000 egz.), 35 edycjach Hymnów (93 600 egz.). Wydrukowano ponad pół miliona (536 420) egz. wszystkich publikacji do nauczania wiary oraz listów , tj. 52,98% całkowitego nakładu w tych latach.Krótko opisano w artykule piąty typ – książki z księgozbioru podręcznego. Dzięki drukarni moskiewskiej wykształcono kompetentnych i aktywnych zwolenników reform Piotra i transformacji średniowiecznej Rusi w Rosyjskie Imperium epoki nowożytnej.

scholarly journals Russian Pilgrims of the 12th–18th Centuries on “The sweet land of Cyprus”

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Bliznyuk
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
History Of

The era of the Crusades was also the era of pilgrims and pilgrimages to Jeru­salem. The Russian Orthodox world did not accept the idea of the Crusades and did not consider the Western European crusaders to be pilgrims. However, Russian people also sought to make pilgrimages, the purpose of which they saw in personal repentance and worship of the Lord. Visiting the Christian relics of Cyprus was desirable for pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. Based on the method of content analysis of a whole complex of the writings of Russian pil­grims, as well as the works of Cypriot, Byzantine, Arab and Russian chroniclers, the author explores the history of travels and pilgrimages of Russian people to Cyprus in the 12th–18th centuries, the origins of the Russian-Cypriot reli­gious, inter-cultural and political relationships, in addition to the dynamics of their development from the first contacts in the Middle Ages to the establish­ment of permanent diplomatic and political relations between the two coun­tries in the Early Modern Age. Starting with the 17th century, Russian-Cypriot relationships were developing in three fields: 1) Russians in Cyprus; 2) Cypri­ots in Russia; 3) knowledge of Cyprus and interest in Cyprus in Russia. Cyp­riots appeared in Russia (at the court of the Russian tsars) at the beginning of the 17th century. We know of constant correspondence and the exchange of embassies between the Russian tsars and the hierarchs of the Cypriot Ortho­dox Church that took place in the 17th–18th centuries. The presence of Cypri­ots in Russia, the acquisition of information, the study of Cypriot literature, and translations of some Cypriot writings into Russian all promoted interactions on both political and cultural levels. This article emphasizes the important histori­cal, cultural, diplomatic and political functions of the pilgrimages.

scholarly journals Metsepole Livonians from the 14th to the 17th century

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Aldur Vunk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Population History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of

The topic of this paper is the history of Metsepole Livonians (later called Salaca Livonians) from the 14th to the 17th century. The paper refers to academic works from the 17th (by Thomas Hiärn) and later centuries dealing with the linguistic borders of Livonians in Salaca Parish. Also considered are rarely used papers such as the research by Manfred von Vegesack, who has investigated the population history of Livonians in the northern part of Vidzeme through place names found in church registers, ploughland revisions, revenue district registers etc. Information from some sources that have not been used before is presented here as well. As a result of different historical processes, the identity of Metsepole Livonians gradually weakened from the 14th to the 17th century. Livonian linguistic identity faded due to both the loss of its ancient status and the area of communication that expanded in the Middle Ages and the modern age. The number of language users became a strong precondition for the expansion of the area of use of a language, and there was not a vast number of Livonians. The history of these Finno-Ugric people is unusual due to the historical background of Livonia, but there are similarities in the rules of preservation of languages worldwide.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole liivlased 14.–17. sajandil. Artikli teemaks on Metsepole liivlaste (hiljem tuntud kui Salatsi liivlased) ajalugu 14.–17. sajandil. Käesoleva artikli maht ei võimaldanud kirjeldada Metsepole maakonna kujunemist ja selle ümberkujundamist Riia peapiiskopkonna kui riigi rajamise käigus 13. sajandil. Samuti kirjalike allikate kaudu paremini dokumenteeritud Salatsi liivlaste viimaste keelesaarte kahanemist 18. ja eriti 19. sajandil. Need teemad koos Salatsi liivlaste nimede teemaga on osadeks juba ettevalmistamisel olevale terviklikumale käsitlusele. Artikkel toetub akadeemilistele kirjutistele alates 17. sajandist (T. Hiärn) ja hilisemast ajast, kus kirjeldatakse liivlaste keelepiiri Salatsi kihelkonnas, samuti harvakasutatud Manfred von Vegesacki tööle, kes uuris Vidzeme põhjaosa rahvastikulugu kirikuraamatute, adramaarevisjonide, vakuraamatute ja muude omaaegsete allikate põhjal. Artikli koostamisel on kasutatud ka allikaid, mis seni olid läbi töötamata. Mitmesuguste ajalooliste protsesside tulemusel on Metsepole liivlaste identiteet 14. sajandist 17. sajandini oluliselt nõrgenenud. Põhjused keelelise identiteedi hääbumiseks on olnud nii liivlaste muinasaegse staatuse kadumine kui ka keskajal ja uusajal avardunud suhtluspiirkond, mille tõttu keelte kasutajate arv muutus oluliseks teguriks. Liivlasi polnud kuigi arvukalt ja nad olid oma tegevusaladest tulenevalt valmis omandama teisi keeli. 16. ja 17. sajandil alanud kirjakeelte loomise ja talurahvakoolide võrgu rajamise ajaks oli liivi keel jäänud vähemuskeeleks. Samuti ei leidunud piisavalt haritlasi, kes selles keeles kirjavara oleksid loonud. Selle soomeugri hõimu ajalugu on küll omapärane Liivimaa ajaloolise tausta tõttu, kuid keele hääbumise põhjustanud asjaolud on sarnased teistegi kadunud keelte omadega palju laiemas kontekstis.Märksõnad: Metsepole liivlased, Salatsi liivlased, liivi keel, Vana-Liivimaa, Vidzeme, Lemsalu, Vainiži, koolid, maakeelsed trükised, Salatsi kihelkonna mõisad, 17. sajandi vakusedKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole līvlizt 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra temātõks um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt (obbõm tundtõd kui Salāts līvlizt) istōrij 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra alīzõks ātõ akādēmilizt kēratõkst 17. āigastsadāst (T. Hiärn) ja obāzõmõst āigast, kus kēratõb iļ līvlizt kīeležā Salāts pagāsts. Nei īž um kēra alīzõks Manfred von Vegesack tīe, mis tuņšliz Vidzeme pūojrov luggõ pivākuodārōntõd, addõrmōrevīzijd, vakrōntõd ja munt ovātõd abkõks. Sīe kēra kubbõpanmizõks attõ kȭlbatõd ka seļļizt ovātõd, mis attõ siedaigsōņõ īenõd tuņšlõmõt. Setsuglimizt istōrij suggimizt pierāst um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt eņtštīedami 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal nõŗkõn. Kīelliz eņtštīedamiz vōrgimiz pūojõks vȯļțõ nei līvlizt muinizaigiz kȭrda mȭitantimi kui ka kubsõkēmizarā ovārtimi sidāmtāigal ja ūžāigal. Līvlizt lug iz ūo sūr ja ne vȯļțõ vaļmõd oppõm mūḑi kēļi. Kērakīeld lūomiz ja talrovskūolõd võrgõ pūojtimiz īrgandõksõks 16. ja 17. āigastsadā āigal vȯļ līvõ kīelstõ īend veitimit kīelkõks. Nei īž iz täut opātõd rovžti, kis vȯlkstõ sīes kīels lūond kēravillõ. Sīe sūomõ-ugrõ rov istōrij um set Līvõmō istōrijs eņtšvīți.

The Four Paradoxes of Nuclear Strategy

1964 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Morgenthau
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

The nuclear age has ushered in a novel period of history, as distinct from the age that preceded it as the modern age has been from the Middle Ages or the Middle Ages have been from antiquity. Yet while our conditions of life have drastically changed under the impact of the nuclear age, we still live in our thoughts and act through our institutions in an age that has passed. There exists, then, a gap between what we think about our social, political, and philosophic problems and the objective conditions which the nuclear age has created.This contradiction between our modes of thought and action, belonging to an age that has passed, and the objective conditions of our existence has engendered four paradoxes in our nuclear strategy: the commitment to the use of force, nuclear or otherwise, paralyzed by the fear of having to use it; the search for a nuclear strategy which would avoid the predictable consequences of nuclear war; the pursuit of a nuclear armaments race joined with attempts to stop it; the pursuit of an alliance policy which the availability of nuclear weapons has rendered obsolete. All these paradoxes result from the contrast between traditional attitudes and the possibility of nuclear war and from the fruitless attempts to reconcile the two.

Self-Help and the State: Rural Cooperatives in Imperial Germany

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Peal
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Village Life ◽  
Territorial States

The consolidation of territorial states in Central Europe undermined the local customs and institutions that had shaped village life since the Middle Ages. By the end of the eighteenth century unitary law codes overrode rural customs. By distinguishing between public and private law, these codes stripped the organized village community of legal substance. Police and judicial functions once performed within the community were assumed by bureaucrats, and the state meddled with the use of local resources by liberalizing marriage and residence laws. Deprived of political autonomy, the village did remain the core economic and social unit in rural life, controlling access to communal forests and enforcing the rules of three-field agriculture. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century this limited autonomy was undermined as well. Freedom of contract, security of individual property, free transmission of property between generations, and commercialization of landed property struck at the ability of villages to control their material world in customary ways.

Der Raum der Vorlesung: Vom Auditorium zum „multi media hub“

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-701
Author(s):  
Heiko Hausendorf ◽  
Kenan Hochuli ◽  
Johanna Jud ◽  
Alexandra Zoller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lecture Hall ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
High Level

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the lecture hall as the natural home of lecturing. We will focus on constructed, designed and equipped space as a material and communicative manifestation of science which fundamentally contributes to the multimodal practice of lecturing. Taking an interactionist point of view, we start off with introducing our concept of architecture-for-interaction which aims at spatial built-in features as a resource for social interaction, namely for situational anchoring among those present. In a second step, we identify key architectural elements of the lecture hall as material sediments of communicative problems connected with the social practice of lecturing. In doing so, we will also give a high-level overview of the historical development of the lecture hall (and its precursors) since the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Turning to current data from lecturing in times of the pandemic, we will then deal with so called „ghost lectures“ behind closed doors. This current development brings out a refiguration process due to which the lecture hall undergoes a change from the classical auditorium with copresent participants to a multi-media hub allowing for tele-present participants.

Eschatology and Religiosity of the People in Russia in the 17th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Gurianova
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
Christian Teaching ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Spiritual Crisis ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church

The article studies the religiosity of Russian population in the 17th century in order to find out the type of this state of public mind. Special attention is drawn to the acuteness of eschatological expectations in society, which intensified during periods of crises. After the Time of Troubles (Smuta), the Church, trying to bring society out of the spiritual crisis, had been exploiting the “end of the world” topic through publishing relevant texts. This trend was especially noticeable during the time of Patriarch Joseph. The decision of the Moscow Printing House (Pechatnyi Dvor) to extend the amount of eschatological publications was determined not only by the direction of church policy, but also by the request in society, the desire of the population to get a more complete picture of the Christian teaching about the ultimate destinies of the world and man, since the spiritual crisis had presupposed an increase of apocalyptic moods. This desire indicates that the population was characterized by the religiosity of the medieval type. The article scrutinizes in particular the 2nd half of the 17th century, which modern researchers rightly designate as the early Modern era. In a society with such a keen perception of the time, the church reform, initiated in the middle of the century by Patriarch Nikon, was naturally not supported by a part of the population. In the interpretation of the defenders of the Old Belief, the actions of the reformers turned into clear signs of the advent of the kingdom of Antichrist, as it was prophesied in Christian teaching. It was not some peculiarity of the worldview of the opponents of church reform, their behavior adjusted the religiosity of the epoch. To justify these thoughts the position of Patriarch Nikon could be mentioned. Nikon found himself in a situation of disapproval and, arguing to be wrongfully convicted and misunderstood, he also used the eschatological doctrine. Based on the analysis of such facts, the article concludes that the 2nd half of the 17th century was characterized by religiosity of the medieval type.

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