Improving Biological Treatment of Real Bilge Wastewater With Zero Valent Iron and Activated Charcoal Addition

From the ships engine rooms a recalcitrant wastewater is produced called “bilge” which contains oil, metal working fluids, surfactants, and salinity. This study investigated the treatment of real bilge wastewater in short experiments using the following processes: (i) anaerobic digestion with granular sludge and ZVI addition for enhancement of methane production, (ii) activated charcoal addition to biological treatment (aerobic and anaerobic) for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) significant reduction and (iii) combination of ZVI and anaerobic charcoal addition for high performance treatment. The addition of ZVI in anaerobic sludge resulted in higher performance mostly in cumulative CH4 production. The microbial profile of anaerobic granular sludge exposed to ZVI was determined and Acetobacterium and Arcobacter were the most dominant bacteria genera. Activated charcoal achieved higher COD removal, compared to biological degradation (aerobic and anaerobic). The combination of the two mechanisms, activated charcoal and biomass, had higher COD removal only for aerobic biomass. The combination of ZVI and activated charcoal to anaerobic digestion resulted in higher CH4 production and significant COD removal in short contact time.

Download Full-text

Removal efficiency and methanogenic activity profiles in a pilot-scale UASB reactor treating settled sewage at moderate temperatures

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0343 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 243-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

L. Seghezzo ◽

R.G. Guerra ◽

S.M. González ◽

A.P. Trupiano ◽

M.E. Figueroa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Retention Time ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Methanogenic Activity

The performance of a sewage treatment system consisting of a settler followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor is described. Mean ambient and sewage temperature were 16.5 and 21.6°C, respectively. Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODt) concentration averaged 224.2 and 152.6 mg/L, for raw and settled sewage, respectively. The effluent concentration was 68.5 mgCODt/L. Total and suspended COD removal efficiencies of approximately 70 and 80%, respectively, have been observed in the system at a mean Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 2 + 5 h. Maximum COD removal efficiency was achieved in the UASB reactor when upflow velocity (Vup) was 0.43 m/h (HRT = 6 h). Mean Specific Methanogenic Activity (SMA) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) concentration in the granular sludge bed were 0.11 gCOD-CH4/gVSS.d and 30.0 gVSS/Lsludge, respectively. SMA was inversely related to VSS concentration, and both parameters varied along the sludge bed height. The Solids Retention Time (SRT) in the reactor was 450 days. Sludge characteristics have not been affected by changes of up to one month in Vup in the range 0.28–0.85 m/h (HRT 3–9 h). This system or two UASB reactors in series could be an alternative for sewage treatment under moderate temperature conditions.

Download Full-text

Up-flow vs downflow anaerobic digester reactor configurations for treatment of fats-oil-grease laden poultry slaughterhouse wastewater: a review

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2020.023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 248-260

Author(s):

M. Basitere ◽

M. Njoya ◽

S. K. O. Ntwampe ◽

M. S. Sheldon

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Organic Load ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Reactor Performance ◽

High Concentration ◽

Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽

Reactor Configuration

Abstract The process of anaerobic digestion has been and still remains the most efficient, cost effective and environmentally benign treatment process for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). The PSW is characterized by a high concentration in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and fats, oil including grease (FOG). The reactor configuration influences the performance of such anaerobic systems in the treatment of such oily wastewater. The up-flow reactor configuration provided by the Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Bioreactor or the Expanded Granular Sludge Bioreactor (EGSB) are highly dependent on up-flow velocity, which often contributes to periodical sludge washout during the treatment of PSW with high FOG and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, resulting in poor reactor performance in comparison with downflow reactors such as the Static Granular Bed Reactor (SGBR), which achieves high organic load removal efficiency particularly when treating PSW due to its ability to retain sludge granules and solidified residue within the reactor. The washout of the sludge results from sludge flotation, which is induced by the inhibition of the anaerobic granular biomass by the accumulation of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from poor hydrolysis. The aim of this review is to highlight reactor configuration deficiencies, and to elaborate on the advantages of using anaerobic digestion for the treatment of FOG-laden PSW, with a focus on reactor performance. Additionally, a comparative analysis between up-flow reactors, such as the UASB including EGSB, and downflow reactors, such as SGBR, was performed.

Download Full-text

Comparison of the impacts of thermal pretreatment on waste activated sludge using aerobic and anaerobic digestion

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2018.458 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. 1772-1781 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hyungjun (Brian) Jo ◽

Wayne Parker ◽

Peiman Kianmehr

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Waste Activated Sludge ◽

Thermal Pretreatment ◽

Decay Products ◽

Anaerobic Biodegradability ◽

Pretreatment Conditions ◽

The Impact ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract A range of thermal pretreatment conditions were used to evaluate the impact of high pressure thermal hydrolysis on the biodegradability of waste activated sludge (WAS) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It was found that pretreatment did not increase the overall extent to which WAS could be aerobically biodegraded. Thermal pretreatment transformed the biodegradable fraction of WAS (XH) to readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SB) (16.5–34.6%) and slowly biodegradable COD (XB) (45.8–63.6%). The impact of pretreatment temperature and duration on WAS COD fractionation did not follow a consistent pattern as changes in COD solubilization did not correspond to the observed generation of SB through pretreatment. The pretreated WAS (PWAS) COD fractionations determined from aerobic respirometry were employed in anaerobic modeling and it was concluded that the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of PWAS differed. It was found that thermal pretreatment resulted in as much as 50% of the endogenous decay products becoming biodegradable in anaerobic digestion. Overall, it was concluded that the COD fractionation that was developed based upon the aerobic respirometry was valid. However, it was necessary to implement a first-order decay process that reflected changes in the anaerobic biodegradability of the endogenous products through pretreatment.

Download Full-text

Effect of micro-nutrients in anaerobic degradation of sulfate laden organics

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l03-104 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 420-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S K Patidar ◽

Vinod Tare

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Degradation ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Sulfide Concentration ◽

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽

Sulfide Toxicity ◽

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

The effect of micro-nutrients, such as Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, and Mo, on anaerobic degradation of sulfate laden organics was investigated using bench-scale models of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), and hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR), operating in varying conditions in ten phases (organic loading of 1.9–5.75 kg COD/(m3·d), sulfate loading of 0.54–1.88 kg SO42–/(m3·d), chemical oxygen demand (COD):SO42–ratio of 2.0–8.6). In the initial phase, no nutrient limitation was observed with COD removal of more than 94% in all three systems. Subsequently, increase in sulfate loading resulted in Ni and Co limitation and their supplementation restored COD removal in UASB system. However, baffled systems did not recover because of severe inhibition by sulfide. Results indicate that precipitation of nutrients could seriously deteriorate process performance, leading to failure even before sulfide concentration attains toxic level. The limitation of Fe coupled with high sulfate loading (1.88 kg SO42–/(m3·d)) resulted in growth of low-density, fragile, hollow, and granular biomass in UASB that washed out and caused process instability. Supplementation of Fe with other nutrients stabilized UASB process and also improved COD removal.Key words: anaerobic degradation, nutrients, UASB, ABR, HABR, sulfide toxicity, sulfate laden organics.

Download Full-text

Biological treatment of printing ink wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2003.0066 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 271-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Y. Zhang ◽

H. Shi ◽

Y. Qian

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Biological Process ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Bacillus Sp ◽

Airlift Loop ◽

Ceramic Honeycomb ◽

Printing Ink ◽

P Sources

Printing ink wastewater is usually very difficult to treat biologically and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) far exceeds standards of discharge. The COD in wastewater is usually 3,000 to 8,000 mg/L after flocculation and sedimentation. Herein, a strain of bacterium was isolated from the sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. and utilized to treat printing ink wastewater. The application of bacteria to degrade printing ink in wastewater is discussed in this paper. The influence of N and P sources on COD removal, and COD removal in combination with glucose was also discussed. More than 85 per cent of the COD could be removed using the proposed biological process. A novel internal airlift loop bioreactor with bacteria immobilized onto ceramic honeycomb support was used for the wastewater treatment.

Download Full-text

Characteristic of Granular Sludge Bed and Granular Sludge in Interior Diversion Expanded Granular Sludge Bed

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2813 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 2813-2817

Author(s):

Guang Li ◽

Jing Li ◽

Ke Sun

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Gas Production ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Cod Removal Efficiency ◽

Seed Sludge ◽

Bed Expansion

The interior diversion expanded granular sludge bed was concurrently operated for 140d to study the characteristic of the granular sludge bed. The influent COD concentration varied from 2000mg/L to 22300 mg/L, hydraulic retention time was maintained constant at 24 h and the organic loading rate was changed through a change in substrate concentration. The results showed that the reactor had great COD removal efficiency. When the MLSS was 23.1g/L, the influent COD was 18890mg/L, the COD removal efficiency was 80.4%; The interior diversion EGSB could greatly improve the role of gas-dynamic, when the liquid upflow velocity was 3.55m/h, the gas production was 5.96 L/d shows higher sludge bed expansion rate than 2.77 L/d about 9.5%. During the experimental, the anaerobic sludge has the following properties: the average sludge diameter was increased from 0.41mm to 1.66mm. Observed under the scanning electronic microscopy, we found that the sludge appeared obviously granulation, the bacteria amount and species are more than seed sludge after operation of 50d. It was found that rough surface of anaerobic sludge has clear figure with being covered by mucous lamina, with visible hole or cavity on surface.

Download Full-text

Comparison of three types of anaerobic granular sludge for treating pharmaceutical wastewater

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2017.040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 532-543

Author(s):

Yibo Wang ◽

Minquan Feng ◽

Yonghong Liu ◽

Yaozhong Li ◽

Bofei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Demand ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Anaerobic Granular Sludge ◽

Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

Pva Gel ◽

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Dominant Bacteria

Abstract Three types of anaerobic granular sludge for treating chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater were compared: (1) an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) filled with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads (UASB-PVA); (2) a UASB filled with traditional anaerobic granular sludge; and (3) a UASB filled with traditional anaerobic granular sludge and granular active carbon (UASB-GAC). The domestication times for the UASB-PVA, UASB, and UASB-GAC reactors were 30, 47, and 47 days, respectively. When the organic loading rate (OLR) was up to 7 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3·d), the COD efficiency of the UASB-PVA, UASB, and UASB-GAC stayed in the range of 69% to 75% (deviation 1.8%), 46% to 69% (deviation 8.6%), and 61% to 73% (deviation 4.0%), respectively. The highest OLRs reached for the UASB-PVA, UASB, and UASB-GAC were 12, 7, and 8 kg COD/(m3·d), respectively. The performance of the UASB-PVA was the best of the three, the UASB-GAC was second, and the UASB was the worst. High-throughput pyrosequencing analysis showed that Levilinea, Syntrophorhabdus, Desulfovibrio and Acetobacterium were the dominant bacteria in the UASB-PVA, UASB, and UASB-GAC reactors’ granular sludge. The abundance and diversity of the microbial community in the UASB-PVA sludge were higher than for the UASB and UASB-GAC granular sludge.

Download Full-text

Performance of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor coupled with anoxic and aerobic bioreactors for treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2016.013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 86-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. Basitere ◽

Y. Williams ◽

M. S. Sheldon ◽

S. K. O. Ntwampe ◽

D. De Jager ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suspended Solids ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Oil And Grease ◽

Dissolved Air Flotation ◽

Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽

Anaerobic Reactor ◽

Aerobic Bioreactors

Generally, slaughterhouses have the largest consumption of fresh water and thus generate large quantities of high strength wastewater, which can be treated successfully using low cost biological treatment processes. In this study, the feasibility of using an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) anaerobic reactor coupled with anoxic and aerobic bioreactors for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was investigated. The poultry slaughterhouse was characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), 2 to 6 g/L, with average biological oxygen demand of 2.4 g/L and average fats, oil and grease (FOG) being 0.55 g/L. A continuous EGSB anaerobic reactor was operated for 26 days at different hydraulic retention times (HRT), i.e. 7, 4, 3 days, and organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 g COD/L.day, respectively, to assess the bioremediation of the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The average COD removal from the EGSB was 40%, 57% and 55% at the different OLR and HRT assessed. At high OLR of 1.0 g COD/L.day, the overall COD removal from the system (EGSB-anoxic/aerobic) averaged 65%. The system experienced periodical sludge washout during high FOG and suspended solids loading. It was concluded that the EGSB system requires a dissolved air flotation system, for FOG/suspended solid reduction, as the performance of the overall system was observed to deteriorate over time due to the presence of a high quantity of FOG including suspended solids.

Download Full-text

Biological Treatment of Wastewater Containing Automotive Antifreeze Solution Using a Packed Column

10.32920/ryerson.14665416 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M.ADNAN A. Khan

Keyword(s):

Biological Treatment ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Packed Column ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Simulated Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Samples ◽

Bod Removal

Simulated wastewater samples containing antifreeze were treated biologically using a packed column as an aerator. The objective of this project is to determine the rate of biological degradation of ethylene glycol at different air flow rates, liquid flow rates, and varied seeding rates at different time intervals, to achieve the highest removal rate of the BOD. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater was measured. Under a liquid flowrate of 5.5 kg m̃²s̃¹ the BOD removal increased when the air flowrate was increased from 0.0069 to 0.0414 kg m̃²s̃¹. However, further increases of the air flowrate beyond 0.0138 kg m̃²s̃¹ did not affect the BOD removal rate significantly. On the other hand, with a constant air flowrate when the liquid flowrate was increased from 5.5 to 11, 16.5, and 27.5 kg m̃²s̃¹, the percent BOD removal appeared to decrease slightly. It was also found that the increase in amount of seeding has no significant effect on BOD removal. The averaged BOD removal of about 90% was obtained after 72 hours of the wastewater treatment.

Download Full-text

Influences of Temperature and Substrate Particle Content on Granular Sludge Bed Anaerobic Digestion

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10010136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 136 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fasil Ayelegn Tassew ◽

Wenche Hennie Bergland ◽

Carlos Dinamarca ◽

Rune Bakke

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Scale Up ◽

Swine Manure ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Particle Content ◽

Comparable Amount ◽

High Particle

Influences of temperature (25–35 °C) and substrate particulate content (3.0–9.4 g total suspended solids (TSS)/L) on granular sludge bed anaerobic digestion (AD) were analyzed in lab-scale reactors using manure as a substrate and through modeling. Two particle levels were tested using raw (RF) and centrifuged (CF) swine manure slurries, fed into a 1.3-L lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB) at temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C. Biogas production increased with temperature in both high- and low-particle-content substrates; however, the temperature effect was stronger on high-particle-content substrate. RF and CF produced a comparable amount of biogas at 25 °C, suggesting that biogas at this temperature came mainly from the digestion of small particles and soluble components present in similar quantities in both substrates. At 35 °C, RF showed significantly higher biogas production than CF, which was attributed to increased (temperature-dependent) disintegration of larger solid particulates. Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) based modeling was carried out by separating particulates into fast and slow disintegrating fractions and introducing temperature-dependent disintegration constants. Simulations gave a better fit for the experimental data than the conventional ADM1 model.

Download Full-text