scholarly journals De Novo Production of Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Author(s):  
Ying Huang ◽  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Guangxi Ren ◽  
Yan Yin ◽  
Yifan Sun ◽  
...  

Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide (GAMG) is a rare compound in licorice and its short supply limits the wide applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In this study, de novo biosynthesis of GAMG was achieved in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains based on the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. The introduction of GAMG biosynthetic pathway resulted in the construction of a GAMG-producing yeast strain for the first time. Through optimizing the biosynthetic pathway, improving the folding and catalysis microenvironment for cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), enhancing the supply of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), preventing product degradation, and optimizing the fermentation conditions, the production of GAMG was increased from 0.02 μg/L to 92.00 μg/L in shake flasks (4,200-fold), and the conversion rate of glycyrrhetic acid (GA) to GAMG was higher than 56%. The engineered yeast strains provide an alternative approach for the production of glycosylated triterpenoids.

Author(s):  
Rui Ma ◽  
Ping Su ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Baolong Jin ◽  
Qing Ma ◽  
...  

(+)-Borneol is a desirable monoterpenoid with effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that is known as soft gold. (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase is the key enzyme in the (+)-borneol biosynthesis pathway. Despite several reported (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase genes, relatively low (+)-borneol production hinders the attempts to synthesize it using microbial fermentation. Here, we identified the highly specific (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase CbTPS1 from Cinnamomum burmanni. An in vitro assay showed that (+)-borneol was the main product of CbTPS1 (88.70% of the total products), and the Km value was 5.11 ± 1.70 μM with a kcat value of 0.01 s–1. Further, we reconstituted the (+)-borneol biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After tailored truncation and adding Kozak sequences, the (+)-borneol yield was improved by 96.33-fold to 2.89 mg⋅L–1 compared with the initial strain in shake flasks. This work is the first reported attempt to produce (+)-borneol by microbial fermentation. It lays a foundation for further pathway reconstruction and metabolic engineering production of this valuable natural monoterpenoid.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Sun ◽  
Jae Won Lee ◽  
Sangdo Yook ◽  
Stephan Lane ◽  
Ziqiao Sun ◽  
...  

AbstractPlant cell wall hydrolysates contain not only sugars but also substantial amounts of acetate, a fermentation inhibitor that hinders bioconversion of lignocellulose. Despite the toxic and non-consumable nature of acetate during glucose metabolism, we demonstrate that acetate can be rapidly co-consumed with xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The co-consumption leads to a metabolic re-configuration that boosts the synthesis of acetyl-CoA derived bioproducts, including triacetic acid lactone (TAL) and vitamin A, in engineered strains. Notably, by co-feeding xylose and acetate, an enginered strain produces 23.91 g/L TAL with a productivity of 0.29 g/L/h in bioreactor fermentation. This strain also completely converts a hemicellulose hydrolysate of switchgrass into 3.55 g/L TAL. These findings establish a versatile strategy that not only transforms an inhibitor into a valuable substrate but also expands the capacity of acetyl-CoA supply in S. cerevisiae for efficient bioconversion of cellulosic biomass.


Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Huiyi Shang ◽  
Danni Yang ◽  
Dairong Qiao ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Yi Cao

Levan has wide applications in chemical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The free levansucrase is usually used in the biosynthesis of levan, but the poor reusability and low stability of free levansucrase have limited its large-scale use. To address this problem, the surface-displayed levansucrase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were generated and evaluated in this study. The levansucrase from Zymomonas mobilis was displayed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 using a various yeast surface display platform. The N-terminal fusion partner is based on a-agglutinin, and the C-terminal one is Flo1p. The yield of levan produced by these two whole-cell biocatalysts reaches 26 g/L and 34 g/L in 24 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the stability of the surface-displayed levansucrases is significantly enhanced. After six reuses, these two biocatalysts retained over 50% and 60% of their initial activities, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular weight and polydispersity test of the products suggested that the whole-cell biocatalyst of levansucrase displayed by Flo1p has more potentials in the production of levan with low molecular weight which is critical in certain applications. In conclusion, our method not only enable the possibility to reuse the enzyme, but also improves the stability of the enzyme.


Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1439-1450
Author(s):  
Mark E Nickas ◽  
Aaron M Neiman

Abstract Spore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the de novo synthesis of prospore membranes and spore walls. Ady3p has been identified as an interaction partner for Mpc70p/Spo21p, a meiosis-specific component of the outer plaque of the spindle pole body (SPB) that is required for prospore membrane formation, and for Don1p, which forms a ring-like structure at the leading edge of the prospore membrane during meiosis II. ADY3 expression has been shown to be induced in midsporulation. We report here that Ady3p interacts with additional components of the outer and central plaques of the SPB in the two-hybrid assay. Cells that lack ADY3 display a decrease in sporulation efficiency, and most ady3Δ/ady3Δ asci that do form contain fewer than four spores. The sporulation defect in ady3Δ/ady3Δ cells is due to a failure to synthesize spore wall polymers. Ady3p forms ring-like structures around meiosis II spindles that colocalize with those formed by Don1p, and Don1p rings are absent during meiosis II in ady3Δ/ady3Δ cells. In mpc70Δ/mpc70Δ cells, Ady3p remains associated with SPBs during meiosis II. Our results suggest that Ady3p mediates assembly of the Don1p-containing structure at the leading edge of the prospore membrane via interaction with components of the SPB and that this structure is involved in spore wall formation.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Pluskal ◽  
Michael P. Torrens-Spence ◽  
Timothy R. Fallon ◽  
Andrea De Abreu ◽  
Cindy H. Shi ◽  
...  

AbstractFor millennia, humans have used plants for medicinal purposes. However, our limited understanding of plant biochemistry hinders the translation of such ancient wisdom into modern pharmaceuticals1. Kava (Piper methysticum) is a medicinal plant native to the Polynesian islands with anxiolytic and analgesic properties supported by over 3,000 years of traditional use as well as numerous recent clinical trials2–5. The main psychoactive principles of kava, kavalactones, are a unique class of polyketide natural products known to interact with central nervous system through mechanisms distinct from those of the prescription psychiatric drugs benzodiazepines and opioids6,7. Here we reportde novoelucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of kavalactones, consisting of seven specialized metabolic enzymes. Based on phylogenetic and crystallographic analyses, we highlight the emergence of two paralogous styrylpyrone synthases, both of which have neofunctionalized from an ancestral chalcone synthase to catalyze the formation of the kavalactone scaffold. Structurally diverse kavalactones are then biosynthesized by subsequent regio- and stereo-specific tailoring enzymes. We demonstrate the feasibility of engineering heterologous production of kavalactones and their derivatives in bacterial, yeast, and plant hosts, thus opening an avenue towards the development of new psychiatric therapeutics for anxiety disorders, which affect over 260 million people globally8.


2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ιωάννα Βώβου

Σκοπός της διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της απάντησης των κυττάρων του μονοκυττάριου ευκαρυωτικού οργανισμού Saccharomyces cerevisiae στο ισχυρό θερμικό stress (shock) και η διερεύνηση υποκείμενων ρυθμιστικών παραγόντων και διαδικασιών. Ο S. cerevisiae χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως ως πειραματικό πρότυπο στη βιοϊατρική έρευνα, με αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα, λόγω των ομόλογων με τους ανώτερους οργανισμούς κυτταρικών λειτουργιών. Η μελέτη του εξελικτικώς συντηρητικού φαινομένου της απάντησης των οργανισμών σε στρεσσογόνα ερεθίσματα που μεταβάλλουν τη φυσιολογική ομοιόσταση επικεντρώνεται σήμερα στη διερεύνηση φυσιολογικών, βιοχημικών, κυτταρικών και μοριακών προσαρμοστικών μηχανισμών.Στη διατριβή διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος του εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος κατά την απάντηση στο stress στο σακχαρομύκητα και η συμμετοχή του pH, της de novo πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης, της ιοντικής ομοιόστασης και της φωσφορυλίωσης καθώς και η προστατευτική και προσαρμοστική απάντηση μετά από επίδραση φαρμάκων που αλληλεπιδρούν με τη HSP90 και τα πυρηνικά οξέα. Οι δραστικές ουσίες χορηγήθηκαν σε υγρές καλλιέργειες της μεταλογαριθμικής φάσης ανάπτυξης (27°C, 22h) του μύκητα, χωρίς (μάρτυρες) ή μετά από έκθεση σε ήπιο θερμικό stress (37°C, 2h, προθερμασμένα κύτταρα), πριν ή κατά την ακόλουθη έκθεση σε θερμικό shock (HS, 53°C, 30min).Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι το ελεύθερο κυττάρων υπερκείμενο των ανθεκτικών προθερμασμένων καλλιεργειών αύξησε την επιβίωση των μαρτύρων, με τη συμμετοχή της de novo πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης, αλλά χωρίς τη συμμετοχή του pHe και του Ca2+e. Η αναστολή της Η+ΑΤΡάσης από την ομεπραζόλη πριν ή κατά το HS προσέδωσε δοσοεξαρτώμενη ανθεκτικότητα στους μάρτυρες, ενώ η αναστολή των διαύλων Κ+ από τα ιόντα τετρααιθυλαμμωνίου οδήγησε σε θερμοανθεκτικότητα μόνο κατά το HS. Η αμιοδαρόνη έδειξε δοσοεξαρτώμενη τοξική επίδραση, ενώ η μεπιβακάίνη δε μετέβαλε την απάντηση. Ο αναστολέας των ΡΡ2Α φωσφατασών οκαδαϊκό οξύ εμφάνισε διφασική τοξική δράση στους μάρτυρες. Κατά τη μη εκλεκτική αναστολή των φωσφατασών από το μολυβδαίνιο, το ελεύθερο κυττάρων υπερκείμενο των ανθεκτικών μη προθερμασμένων καλλιεργειών άσκησε προστατευτική επίδραση στους μάρτυρες κατά το HS, σε αντίθεση με το προερχόμενο από ανθεκτικούς πληθυσμούς μετά από επίδραση του αναστολέα της HSP90 γελνταναμυκίνη ή του αντιμεταβολίτη 5-φθοριουρακίλη.Τα ευρήματα αυτά οδήγησαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι, οι όποιες μεταβολές στο υλικό καλλιέργειας κατά την έκθεση του σακχαρομύκητα σε ήπιο θερμικό stress καθόρισαν, ανεξάρτητα από το pHe, την προστατευτική ικανότητα του εξωκυττάριου μικροπεριβάλλοντος προς όφελος των πληθυσμών που δεν είχαν προετοιμαστεί για να επιβιώσουν υπό συνθήκες ισχυρού shock. Τόσο η παραγωγή προστατευτικών σημάτων κατά το ήπιο θερμικό stress, όσο και η αποδοχή της προστατευτικής επίδρασης υπό συνθήκες ισχυρού shock ήταν εξαρτώμενη από τη de novo πρωτεϊνοσύνθεση. Τέλος, η ομοιόσταση των Η+ και Κ+ έπαιξε αποφασιστικό ρόλο στην επιβίωση κατά το HS, ενώ κατά στην προσαρμοστική απάντηση πιθανώς να εμπλέκονται οι φωσφατάσες ΡΡ2Α, καθώς και γενωμικά γεγονότα, αφού κατά το φαρμακολογικό stress με ουσίες που δρούν άμεσα ή έμμεσα στον πυρήνα παρατηρήθηκε θερμοαντοχή, χωρίς επαγωγή των προστατευτικών ιδιοτήτων του εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος.


Author(s):  
Zhi-Jiao Sun ◽  
Jia-Zhang Lian ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Yi-Qi Jiang ◽  
Guo-Si Li ◽  
...  

Ergosterol, a terpenoid compound produced by fungi, is an economically important metabolite serving as the direct precursor of steroid drugs. Herein, ergsosterol biosynthetic pathway modification combined with storage capacity enhancement was proposed to synergistically improve the production of ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae strain S1 accumulated the highest amount of ergosterol [7.8 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW)] among the wild-type yeast strains tested and was first selected as the host for subsequent metabolic engineering studies. Then, the push and pull of ergosterol biosynthesis were engineered to increase the metabolic flux, overexpression of the sterol acyltransferase gene ARE2 increased ergosterol content to 10 mg/g DCW and additional overexpression of a global regulatory factor allele (UPC2-1) increased the ergosterol content to 16.7 mg/g DCW. Furthermore, considering the hydrophobicity sterol esters and accumulation in lipid droplets, the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway was enhanced to expand the storage pool for ergosterol. Overexpression of ACC1 coding for the acetyl-CoA carboxylase increased ergosterol content from 16.7 to 20.7 mg/g DCW. To address growth inhibition resulted from premature accumulation of ergosterol, auto-inducible promoters were employed to dynamically control the expression of ARE2, UPC2-1, and ACC1. Consequently, better cell growth led to an increase of ergosterol content to 40.6 mg/g DCW, which is 4.2-fold higher than that of the starting strain. Finally, a two-stage feeding strategy was employed for high-density cell fermentation, with an ergosterol yield of 2986.7 mg/L and content of 29.5 mg/g DCW. This study provided an effective approach for the production of ergosterol and other related terpenoid molecules.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengfei Liu ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Lihong Jiang ◽  
Chang Dong ◽  
Yuanwei Gou ◽  
...  

AbstractVindoline is a plant derived monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) with potential therapeutic applications and more importantly serves as the precursor to vinblastine and vincristine. To obtain a yeast strain for high yield production of vindoline from tabersonine, multiple metabolic engineering strategies were employed via the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated multiplex genome integration technology in the present study. Through increasing and tuning the copy numbers of the pathway genes, pairing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) with appropriate cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs), engineering the microenvironment for functional expression of CYPs, enhancing cofactor supply, and optimizing fermentation conditions, the production of vindoline was increased to a final titer as high as ∼16.5 mg/L, which is more than 3,800,000-fold higher than the parent strain and the highest tabersonine to vindoline conversion yield ever reported. This work represents a key step of the engineering efforts to establish de novo biosynthetic pathways for vindoline, vinblastine, and vincristine.


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