scholarly journals A Downstream Processing Cascade for Separation of Caproic and Caprylic Acid from Maize Silage-Based Fermentation Broth

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Braune ◽  
Bomin Yuan ◽  
Heike Sträuber ◽  
Stewart Charles McDowall ◽  
Roy Nitzsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caprylic Acid ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Maize Silage

Production of caproic and caprylic acid through anaerobic fermentation of crops or residual and waste biomass has been regarded as an alternative to the conventional ways, where plant oils and animal fats are mostly used. The downstream processing of the fermentation broth is a particular challenge since the broth has a highly complex composition and low concentrations of the target products. In this study, the proof-of-principle for a separation cascade for caproic (C6) and caprylic acid (C8) produced in a maize silage-based fermentation process was demonstrated. For clarification of the fermentation broth, a filter press and a ceramic ultrafiltration membrane was used to remove coarse solids and to separate suspended particles and macromolecules from the fermentation broth, respectively. With both techniques, the dry matter content was reduced from 6.8 to 2.3% and a particle-free product solution was obtained. Subsequently, the carboxylic acids were extracted with oleyl alcohol by liquid-liquid extraction with an extraction efficiency of 85% for C6 and 97% for C8. Over the whole cascade, 58% of caproic acid and 66% of caprylic acid were recovered from the fermentation broth into the extract. Among all separation steps, solid-liquid separation with the filter press caused the major part of the product loss of 21% of each carboxylic acid. By using separation equipment with a better solid separation efficiency such as decanter centrifuges or belt filter presses this loss could be minimized.

The growth of maize

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Iremiren ◽  
G. M. Milbourn
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation

SummaryTotal dry-matter yield of maize silage rose asymptotically as density was increased up to 17 plants/m2. Over the range 11–17 plants/m2, which is generally higher than is used in the U.K., the increase in yield was 1–1·6 t dry matter/ha which can justify the higher seed cost and although there was no adverse affect on time of maturity the risk of lodging increased at the highest density. During the harvest period whilst whole crop dry-matter percentage was rising from 23 to 28%, the ear dry-matter content rose steadily from 29 to 35%, whereas the leaf and stem dry-matter content remained essentially constant and only dried out at a later stage after a frost.Caldera 535 had a higher leaf area index and net assimilation rate than the earlier variety Julia which it outyielded by 15%. The additional yield was mainly stem tissue and the greater vegetative production caused an 11-day delay in reaching the silage stage of maturity (25% crop D.M.). NO differences occurred between density treatments and varieties in the forage quality components considered, namely percentage drymatter digestibility, modified acid-detergent fibre, crude protein and ash. Thus in U.K. conditions, total dry-matter yield exerts an overriding influence on the yields per unit area of these quality constituents. This contrasts with reports from the U.S.A. in which a reduced grain/stover ratio adversely influences silage quality.Removal of the whole ear (including husk and rachis) at an early stage in ear development resulted in a 50% reduction in the final dry-matter yield. In the earless plants, leaf area and net assimilation rate was lower, but the dry-matter content of the leaves and stem was considerably higher, and a marked purple coloration developed indicative of excess starch concentration. These results emphasize the need in maize silage not only for an adequate leaf canopy, best obtained early in the growing season by using high planting density and subsequently by using late maturing varieties, but also for sufficient sink capacity in the ear as well as in the stem fraction.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: II. The effect of urea on silage fermentation and on the voluntary intake and performance of young cattle fed maize silage-based diets

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
R. F. Wilson ◽  
R. J. Wilkins ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SUMMARYMaize was cut at 22·6, 27·0 and 41·6% dry matter and ensiled in 4 kg quantities in polythene bags without additive or after the addition of urea at 0·5, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0% of the crop dry-matter content. Silos were opened at intervals up to 96 days. Maize of 23·4% dry-matter content was ensiled in 10 t butyl rubber silos without additive or after the addition of urea at 1·0% or fishmeal at 4·0% of the crop dry-matter content.Silages from the polythene bag silos were all well preserved. pH values increased and total acid content fell with increasing maturity of the crop. Addition of urea had little effect on these values. Only with the most mature crop did ammonia content increase markedly with increasing level of urea addition. All silages from the butyl rubber silos were well preserved with low pH values and similar total acid contents.Silages from the butyl rubber silos were used to measure voluntary, intake live-weight gain and efficiency of utilization of young beef cattle. The diets fed were silage without nitrogen supplement or supplemented with urea or fishmeal, added at ensiling, at feeding or included in a concentrate feed. One third of the total dry-matter intake of all cattle was provided by a pelleted concentrate feed consisting of equal quantities of dried grass and rolled barley.The increase in nitrogen content brought about by the addition of urea or fishmeal did not affect total dry-matter or organic-matter intake but was associated with 25% increase in nitrogen consumed. Live-weight gain on all treatments with added nitrogen was 20% higher than for the unsupplemented silage. This improvement in growth rate was accompanied by significant increases in efficiency of utilization of dietary dry matter and organic matter but efficiency of nitrogen utilization was reduced. The results indicate that neither the source nor site of addition of supplementary nitrogen significantly affect live-weight gain, dry-matter intake, organic-matter intake or utilization of dry matter or organic matter. They also demonstrate that urea can be used effectively to provide supplementary nitrogen to young cattle fed a maize silage-based ration.

Biomass processing into ethanol: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, rheology, and mixing

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohdan Volynets ◽  
Farhad Ein-Mozaffari ◽  
Yaser Dahman
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Stirred Tanks ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Renewable Feedstock ◽  
Ethanol Pretreatment ◽  
Key Steps

AbstractAlternate energy resources need to be developed to amend for depleting fossil fuel reserves. Lignocellulosic biomass is a globally available renewable feedstock that contains a rich sugar platform that can be converted into bioethanol through appropriate processing. The key steps of the process, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation, have undergone considerable amount of research and development over the past decades nearing the process to commercialization. In order for the commercialization to be successful, the process needs to be operated at high dry matter content of biomass, especially in the enzymatic hydrolysis stage that influences ethanol concentration in the final fermentation broth. Biomass becomes a thick paste with challenging rheology for mixing to be effective. As the biomass consistency increases, yield stress increases which limits efficiency of mixing with conventional stirred tanks. The purpose of this review is to provide features and perspectives on processing of biomass into ethanol. Emphasis is placed on rheology and mixing of biomass in the enzymatic hydrolysis step as one of the forefront issues in the field.

scholarly journals Optimization of centrifugal separation of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Tupasela ◽  
Petri Koskela ◽  
Eero Pahkala ◽  
Veikko Kankare
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Whey proteins, which are mainly composed of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) and α-lactalbumin (α-la), account for about 20% of the proteins of bovine milk. In this study we investigated the effect of pH, dry matter content, concentration factor, heat treatment and centrifugation on the separation of α-la from β-lg using clarified whey as raw material, α-La precipitation was highest, 23.3%, when the dry matter content ranged from 5.8% to 25.7%. The optimum pH of α-la precipitation depended on the dry matter content. The separation efficiency increased when the concentration factor and heat treatment time at 55°C increased. A longer centrifugation time and higher separation speed did not have a marked effect on the separation efficiency. Separation was more efficient with a higher centrifugation speed at concentration levels 30 X and 60 X. The separation efficiency did not improve when the temperature was raised from 55°C to 65°C but it was better at a concentration level 120 X than at 60 X and 30 X, and also at concentration level 60 X than with 30 X.

scholarly journals Exploitation of anaerobic fermentation of bio-degradable wastes

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
J. Kára ◽  
E. Janča ◽  
D. Herák
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Biogas Yield

The paper deals with assessment of biogas yield from mixtures of <I>Reynoutria</I> substrates and livestock manure. The aim was to perform laboratory experiments and suggest suitable fermenter operating conditions (dry matter content, pH, share of substrate components, thermic regime) for metanogenic digestion, then to determine its quality and assess the usability of such produced biogas.

scholarly journals Respective effects of genotype and dry matter content on maize silage feeding value

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
JC Emile ◽  
Y. Barrière ◽  
R. Traineau
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Feeding Value

scholarly journals Maize silage for dairy cows

2001 ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Kolver ◽  
J.R. Roche ◽  
D. Miller ◽  
R. Densley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Productivity Gains

This paper reviews the use of maize silage in pastoral dairying systems in New Zealand. The evolution of dairying systems to make profitable use of maize silage and other supplementary feeds has occurred during the last decade in conjunction with an increased use of maize silage. When used within recommended levels of feeding, maize silage provides a low cost source of starch and fibre which complements pasture well for much of the year. Balancing dietary deficiencies in protein, minerals, and in some cases fibre, will optimise milksolids production at high levels of maize silage supplementation. Targets for good quality maize silage include a dry matter content of 28-35%, an energy content of 10.8 MJME/ kgDM, a protein content of 7-8%, and a pH of 3.8 to 4.5. Opportunities for further productivity gains exist through further intensification of dairying systems using high-yielding crops. Keywords: dairy cow, feed quality, maize silage, nutrition

Consolidation theory applied to the capillary suction time (CST) apparatus

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Huisman ◽  
W.G.M. van Kesteren
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Cake Filtration ◽  
Coefficient Of Consolidation ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Consolidation Theory

The Capillary Suction Time-method was introduced in 1967, and was designed for establishing the dewaterability of sludge samples. The CST-test was developed as an alternative to the more cumbersome filtration tests using vacuum pumps. Over the years, extensive research has been conducted on models describing the dewatering process in this apparatus. Most of these models have been based on traditional filtration theory, comprising an assumed average cake filtration resistance. An alternative theory which has not been investigated in this respect before is the large-strain consolidation model proposed by Gibson (1967). When this particular consolidation theory is applied to the CST-apparatus, it can be shown that from measurements with the CST-test, conducted on a series of samples of a certain sludge or soil with different initial void ratios (or water contents), the coefficient of consolidation of the soil can be deduced. The benefits of this approach are multifold. By describing the dewatering of a sludge with the consolidation theory, e.g. in a lagoon, filter press, centrifugal pumps and so forth, the dry matter content can be predicted with respect to time using the coefficient of consolidation found with the CST-test. Also, the influence of polyelectrolytes added to the sludge to improve the dewaterability can be measured quantitatively as an increase of the coefficient of consolidation.

Bench- and pilot-scale sludge electrodewatering in a diaphragm filter press

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Saveyn ◽  
P. Van der Meeren ◽  
G. Pauwels ◽  
R. Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Dry Matter Content

Electrodewatering is a technique in which pressure dewatering is combined with electrokinetic effects to realize an improved solid/liquid separation and hence increased filter cake dry matter contents. In order to be energy efficient, it is shown that sludge should be dewatered by pressure dewatering to a high extent prior to electric field application, and a sufficient contact time for the electric field must be guaranteed. In order to realize these goals, a bench- and pilot-scale diaphragm filter press suited for electrodewatering were constructed for treatment of sewage and other types of sludges. It was shown that electrodewatering of sludge is a feasible technique, especially for biological sludge types. Other types of sludge are less suited for electrodewatering because of the restricted improvements that can be realized in cake dry matter content and the high electric energy consumption. Furthermore, it was shown in pilot-scale tests that the use of a diaphragm filter press with electrodewatering facilities was very well suited to deliver dry filter cakes of sewage sludge at a moderate energy consumption. Depending on local market prices for investment, operating and sludge disposal costs, this technology may therefore lead to important savings in the sludge management process.

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