scholarly journals Eomes Impedes Durable Response to Tumor Immunotherapy by Inhibiting Stemness, Tissue Residency, and Promoting the Dysfunctional State of Intratumoral CD8+ T Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runzi Sun ◽  
Yixian Wu ◽  
Huijun Zhou ◽  
Yanshi Wu ◽  
Zhongzhou Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Tumor Immunotherapy ◽  
Genetic Circuit ◽  
Durable Response ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Deficient Mice

Sustaining efficacious T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in the tumor tissues is the key to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Current strategies leverage altering the signals T cells sense in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Checkpoint inhibitor-based approaches block inhibitory signals such as PD-1 whereas cytokine-based therapies increase the level of immune-stimulatory cytokines such as IL-2. Besides extrinsic signals, the genetic circuit within T cells also participates in determining the nature and trajectory of antitumor immune responses. Here, we showed that efficacy of the IL33-based tumor immunotherapy was greatly enhanced in mice with T cell-specific Eomes deficiency. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Eomes deficient mice had diminished proportions of exhausted/dysfunctional CD8+ T cells but increased percentages of tissue resident and stem-like CD8+ T cells in the TME. In addition, the IFNγ+TCF1+ CD8+ T cell subset was markedly increased in the Eomes deficient mice. We further demonstrated that Eomes bound directly to the transcription regulatory regions of exhaustion and tissue residency genes. In contrast to its role in inhibiting T cell immune responses at the tumor site, Eomes promoted generation of central memory T cells in the peripheral lymphoid system and memory recall responses against tumor growth at a distal tissue site. Finally, we showed that Eomes deficiency in T cells also resulted in increased efficacy of PD-1-blockade tumor immunotherapy. In all, our study indicates that Eomes plays a critical role in restricting prolonged T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in the TME whereas promoting adaptive immunity in peripheral lymphoid organs.

Aryloxy Triester Phosphonamidates of Phosphoantigens Exhibit Favorable Stability and Potent Activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hachemi Kadri ◽  
Taher E. Taher ◽  
Qin Xu ◽  
Richard T. Bryan ◽  
Benjamin E. Willcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Stability ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Further Development

We previously reported the application of the aryloxy triester phosphoramidate prodrug technology to the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxybut-2-enyl phosphate (HMBP). Although these prodrugs exhibited potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐cell immune responses, their stability was low due to the rapid cleavage of the -O-P- bond. To address this, we herein report the application of the same prodrug strategy to two HMBP phosphonates, which have stable -CH2-P- or -CF2-P- bonds. These HMBP phosphonate prodrugs, phosphonamidates, exhibited excellent serum stability and potent activation of Vgama9/Vdelta2 T‐cells making them attractive compounds for further development as potential immunotherapeutics.

Aryloxy Triester Phosphonamidates of Phosphoantigens Exhibit Favorable Stability and Potent Activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hachemi Kadri ◽  
Taher E. Taher ◽  
Qin Xu ◽  
Richard T. Bryan ◽  
Benjamin E. Willcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Stability ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Further Development

We previously reported the application of the aryloxy triester phosphoramidate prodrug technology to the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxybut-2-enyl phosphate (HMBP). Although these prodrugs exhibited potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐cell immune responses, their stability was low due to the rapid cleavage of the -O-P- bond. To address this, we herein report the application of the same prodrug strategy to two HMBP phosphonates, which have stable -CH2-P- or -CF2-P- bonds. These HMBP phosphonate prodrugs, phosphonamidates, exhibited excellent serum stability and potent activation of Vgama9/Vdelta2 T‐cells making them attractive compounds for further development as potential immunotherapeutics.

scholarly journals A role for CD9 molecules in T cell activation.

1996 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
X G Tai ◽  
Y Yashiro ◽  
R Abe ◽  
K Toyooka ◽  
C R Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Expression Cloning ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Deficient Mice

Costimulation mediated by the CD28 molecule plays an important role in optimal activation of T cells. However, CD28-deficient mice can mount effective T cell-dependent immune responses, suggesting the existence of other costimulatory systems. In a search for other costimulatory molecules on T cells, we have developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that can costimulate T cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells (APC). The molecule recognized by this mAb, 9D3, was found to be expressed on almost all mature T cells and to be a protein of approximately 24 kD molecular mass. By expression cloning, this molecule was identified as CD9, 9D3 (anti-CD9) synergized with suboptimal doses of anti-CD3 mAb in inducing proliferation by virgin T cells. Costimulation was induced by independent ligation of CD3 and CD9, suggesting that colocalization of these two molecules is not required for T cell activation. The costimulation by anti-CD9 was as potent as that by anti-CD28. Moreover, anti-CD9 costimulated in a CD28-independent way because anti-CD9 equally costimulated T cells from the CD28-deficient as well as wild-type mice. Thus, these results indicate that CD9 serves as a molecule on T cells that can deliver a potent CD28-independent costimulatory signal.

scholarly journals Critical role of the CD44lowCD62Llow CD8+ T cell subset in restoring antitumor immunity in aged mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2103730118
Author(s):  
Yuka Nakajima ◽  
Kenji Chamoto ◽  
Takuma Oura ◽  
Tasuku Honjo
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
T Cell Subset ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Age Related

CD8+ T cells play a central role in antitumor immune responses that kill cancer cells directly. In aged individuals, CD8+ T cell immunity is strongly suppressed, which is associated with cancer and other age-related diseases. The mechanism underlying this age-related decrease in immune function remains largely unknown. This study investigated the role of T cell function in age-related unresponsiveness to PD-1 blockade cancer therapy. We found inefficient generation of CD44lowCD62Llow CD8+ T cell subset (P4) in draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing aged mice. In vitro stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells first generated P4 cells, followed by effector/memory T cells. The P4 cells contained a unique set of genes related to enzymes involved in one-carbon (1C) metabolism, which is critical to antigen-specific T cell activation and mitochondrial function. Consistent with this finding, 1C-metabolism–related gene expression and mitochondrial respiration were down-regulated in aged CD8+ T cells compared with young CD8+ T cells. In aged OVA-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, ZAP-70 was not activated, even after inoculation with OVA-expressing tumor cells. The attenuation of TCR signaling appeared to be due to elevated expression of CD45RB phosphatase in aged CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, strong stimulation by nonself cell injection into aged PD-1–deficient mice restored normal levels of CD45RB and ameliorated the emergence of P4 cells and 1C metabolic enzyme expression in CD8+ T cells, and antitumor activity. These findings indicate that impaired induction of the P4 subset may be responsible for the age-related resistance to PD-1 blockade, which can be rescued by strong TCR stimulation.

Su.67. Monocytes Modulate T-Cell Immune Responses in a Pge2-Cox-2 Dependent Manner and Induce Foxp3+-Cd4+- T-Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. S183
Author(s):  
Sheraz Yaqub ◽  
Tone Bryn ◽  
Milada Mahic ◽  
Einar Aandahl ◽  
Kjetil Tasken
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Cox 2

scholarly journals LPS-activated monocytes suppress T-cell immune responses and induce FOXP3+ T cells through a COX-2-PGE2-dependent mechanism

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bryn ◽  
S. Yaqub ◽  
M. Mahic ◽  
K. Henjum ◽  
E. M. Aandahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Activated Monocytes ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

scholarly journals Perforin and Gamma Interferon Are Critical CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Responses in Vaccine-Induced Immunity against Leishmania amazonensis Infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 3172-3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Colmenares ◽  
Peter E. Kima ◽  
Erika Samoff ◽  
Lynn Soong ◽  
Diane McMahon-Pratt
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Leishmania Amazonensis ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Effector Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that protection against New World leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis can be elicited by immunization with the developmentally regulated Leishmania amastigote antigen, P-8. In this study, several independent experimental approaches were employed to investigate the protective immunological mechanisms involved. T-cell subset depletion experiments clearly indicate that elicitation of CD8+ (as well as CD4+) effector responses is required for protection. Further, mice lacking β2-microglobulin (and hence deficient in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation) were not able to control a challenge infection after vaccination, indicating an essential protective role for CD8+ T effector responses. Analysis of the events ongoing at the cutaneous site of infection indicated a changing cellular dynamic involved in protection. Early postinfection in protectively vaccinated mice, a predominance of CD8+ T cells, secreting gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and expressing perforin, was observed at the site of infection; subsequently, activated CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ were primarily found. As protection correlated with the ratio of total IFN-γ-producing cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) to macrophages found at the site of infection, a role for IFN-γ was evident; in addition, vaccination of IFN-γ-deficient mice failed to provide protection. To further assess the effector mechanisms that mediate protection, mice deficient in perforin synthesis were examined. Perforin-deficient mice vaccinated with the P-8 antigen were unable to control infection. Thus, the elicitation of CD8+ T cell effector mechanisms (perforin, IFN-γ) are clearly required in the protective immune response against L. amazonensis infection in vaccinated mice.

scholarly journals Regulatory T-cell: Regulator of Host Defense in Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi ◽  
Mehdi Shahbazi ◽  
Sedigheh Baleghi Damavandi ◽  
Ghasem Faghanzadeh Ganji ◽  
Soheil Ebrahimpour
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Regulatory T Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Activated T Cells

Based on diverse activities and production of several cytokines, T lymphocytes and T helper cells are divided into Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T-cell (T regs) subsets based on diverse activities and production of several cytokines. Infectious agents can escape from host by modulation of immune responses as effector T-cells and Tregs. Thus, regulatory T-cells play a critical role in suppression of immune responses to infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi and as well as preserving immune homeostasis. However, regulatory T-cell responses can advantageous for the body by minimizing the tissue-damaging effects. The following subsets of regulatory T-cells have been recognized: natural regulatory Tcells, Th3, Tr1, CD8+ Treg, natural killer like Treg (NKTreg) cells. Among various markers of Treg cells, Forkhead family transcription factor (FOXP3) as an intracellular protein is used for discrimination between activated T reg cells and activated T-cells. FOXP3 has a central role in production, thymocyte differentiation and function of regulatory Tcells. Several mechanisms have been indicated in regulation of T reg cells. As, the suppression of T-cells via regulatory T-cells is either mediated by Cell-cell contact and Immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-Beta, IL-10) mediated.

Impaired germinal center formation and recall T-cell–dependent immune responses in mice lacking the costimulatory ligand B7-H2

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1381-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew-Cheng Wong ◽  
Edwin Oh ◽  
Chee-Hoe Ng ◽  
Kong-Peng Lam
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Germinal Center Formation

Abstract B7-H2, which is expressed constitutively on B cells and binds the inducible costimulator (ICOS) on antigen-activated T cells, is a member of the B7 family of costimulatory ligands. We have inactivated B7-H2 in the mouse. B7-H2–/– mice generate normal populations of B and T cells in their various lymphoid organs but have lower basal levels of heavy chain class–switched antibodies in their sera. These mice are able to mount normal immune responses to both type I and type II T-cell–independent antigens. However, their pattern of responses to a T-cell–dependent antigen is altered, with greatly reduced production of antigen-specific heavy chain class–switched antibodies, the levels of which could not be elevated even with repeated immunizations. This suggests a critical role for B7-H2 in the recall phases of the immune response. Germinal center formation is also impaired in the mutant mice. While B cells from the mutant mice could response normally to anti-IgM, anti-CD40, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the production of T-helper–type II cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 by primed CD4+ T cells from mutant mice were reduced. This indicated that the defects in humoral responses and germinal center formation in B7-H2–deficient mice are due to the lack of T-cell–mediated help to the B cells. Hence, B7-H2 on B cells is important for recruiting T-cell help via its interaction with ICOS and plays a critical role in costimulating humoral immune responses.

scholarly journals CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s mediate effective neoantigen vaccination and generation of antigen-specific CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Yamauchi ◽  
Toshifumi Hoki ◽  
Takaaki Oba ◽  
Kristopher Attwood ◽  
Xuefang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Antitumor Efficacy ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
T Cell Subset

AbstractThe use of tumor mutation-derived neoantigen represents a promising approach for cancer vaccines. Preclinical and early-phase human clinical studies have shown the successful induction of tumor neoepitope-directed responses; however, overall clinical efficacy of neoantigen vaccines has been limited. One major obstacle of this strategy is the prevailing lack of sufficient understanding of the mechanism underlying the generation of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we report a correlation between antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)/CD40 vaccination and the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in a preclinical model. Mechanistic studies using mixed bone marrow chimeras identified that CD40 and CD80/86, but not CD70 signaling in Batf3-dependent conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) is required for antitumor efficacy of neoantigen vaccine and generation of neoantigen-specific CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells. Although CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells exhibited robust in vitro effector function, depletion of this subset did not alter the antitumor efficacy of neoantigen/TLR3/CD40 agonists vaccination, suggesting that the expanded CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cell subset represents the post-differentiated in vivo effective CX3CR1-negative CD8+ T cell subset. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role of CD40 and CD80/86 signaling in cDC1s in antitumor efficacy of neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines, and implicate the potential utility of CX3CR1 as a circulating predictive T-cell biomarker in vaccine therapy.

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