scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in Qatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Chourabi ◽  
Sonia Boughattas ◽  
Atiyeh M. Abdallah ◽  
Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Jerzy M. Behnke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
High Level ◽  
Assemblage B

BackgroundGiardia duodenalis is a common human intestinal parasite worldwide, and the causative agent of diarrhea, with the severity of disease ranging from asymptomatic to intense and debilitating infection. G. duodenalis is known to consist of eight genetically distinct assemblages, named from A to H. No data available on the genotypes and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis circulating in Qatar.MethodsWe genotyped 54 human Giardia isolates, collected from asymptomatic immigrants in Qatar, using a multilocus genotyping (MLGs) tool. We also investigated relationships between the subjects’ genotypes and their demographic data.ResultsGenomic DNA from 54 isolates were tested by PCR and sequence analysis at three loci: glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), β-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate (tpi)). Assemblage A was identified in nine (16.67%), assemblage B in thirty (55.55%), and a mixture of assemblages A+B in fifteen (27.78%) isolates. All assemblage A isolates, genotyped in different loci, were assigned to sub-assemblage AII, and six of them had MLGs AII-1 while one new MLG was identified in two isolates. Sequences of assemblage B isolates have high level of genetic diversity and high presence of heterogeneous peaks, especially within the gdh gene. No significant associations between genotypes and the immigrants’ demographic data were found due to the extensive number of new variants.ConclusionsMLGs was used herein to genotype 54 immigrant Giardia isolates. The high level of genetic variability found in our isolates hampered MLGs determination, more investigations are now required to consolidate our findings, and to enable a comprehensive understanding of the diversity within G. duodenalis assemblage B isolates.

Detection of potentially human infectious assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from beef and dairy cattle in Scotland

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Bartley ◽  
Beeke K. Roehe ◽  
Sarah Thomson ◽  
Hannah J. Shaw ◽  
Frederieke Peto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Assemblage B

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis present in Scottish beef and dairy cattle at different ages, to try to ascertain if cattle could play a role in the spread of zoonotic assemblages of Giardia. A total of 388 fecal samples (128 beef and 253 dairy, seven of unknown breed) were collected from 19 farms in Scotland. Samples were sub-divided by host age, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, 7–24 and ⩾25 weeks. DNA was extracted and tested by PCR to detect G. duodenalis DNA. Of the 388 samples, 126 tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 32.5%, with positive samples being observed in all age groups tested. The prevalence in dairy cattle was 44.7% (113/235), which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the prevalence in beef cattle 10.1% (13/128). Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of assemblage E (77.2%, sequence types E-S1–E-S5), assemblage B (18.2%) and assemblage A (sub-assemblages AI-AII) (4.6%). These data demonstrate that G. duodenalis is found routinely in both dairy and beef cattle throughout Scotland; the presence of assemblages A and B also indicates that cattle may play a role in the spread of potentially zoonotic assemblages of Giardia.

scholarly journals Distribution of Giardia duodenalis Genotypes and Subgenotypes in Raw Urban Wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 3776-3780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irshad M. Sulaiman ◽  
Jianlin Jiang ◽  
Ajaib Singh ◽  
Lihua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Assemblage B ◽  
Raw Wastewater

ABSTRACT Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within the assemblage B cluster, with 10 distinct subgenotypes identified, eight of which have not been reported before.

scholarly journals Influence of Seasonality on the Genetic Diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in New Hampshire Shellfish Waters as Determined by Multilocus Sequence Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 3778-3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal N. Ellis ◽  
Brian M. Schuster ◽  
Megan J. Striplin ◽  
Stephen H. Jones ◽  
Cheryl A. Whistler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTRisk of gastric infection withVibrio parahaemolyticusincreases with favorable environmental conditions and population shifts that increase prevalence of infective strains. Genetic analysis of New Hampshire strains revealed a unique population with some isolates similar to outbreak-causing strains and high-level diversity that increased as waters warmed.

The first multilocus genotype analysis of Giardia intestinalis in humans in the Czech Republic

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lecová ◽  
F. Weisz ◽  
P. Tůmová ◽  
V. Tolarová ◽  
E. Nohýnková
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Assemblage B

AbstractTo date, genotyping data on giardiasis have not been available in the Czech Republic. In this study, we characterized 47 human isolates of Giardia intestinalis from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic giardiasis cases. Genomic DNA from trophozoites was tested by PCR-sequence analysis at three loci (β-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase). Sequence analysis showed assemblages A and B in 41 (87.2%) and six (12.8%) isolates, respectively. Two of the 41 assemblage A samples were genotyped as sub-assemblage AI, and 39 were genotyped as sub-assemblage AII. Four previously identified multilocus genotypes (MLGs: AI-1, AII-1, AII-4 and AII-9) and six likely novel variations of MLGs were found. In agreement with previous studies, sequences from assemblage B isolates were characterized by a large genetic variability and by the presence of heterogeneous positions, which prevent the definition of MLGs. This study also investigated whether there was a relationship between the assemblage and clinical data (including drug resistance). However, due to the large number of genotypes and the relatively small number of samples, no significant associations with the clinical data were found.

scholarly journals Molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis in children under 5 years from the Manhiça district, Southern Mozambique enrolled in a matched case-control study on the aetiology of diarrhoea

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0008987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Messa ◽  
Pamela C. Köster ◽  
Marcelino Garrine ◽  
Carol Gilchrist ◽  
Luther A. Bartelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Assemblage B

Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite commonly detected in children. Exposure to this organism may lead to asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. Additionally, early-life infections by this protozoan have been associated with impaired growth and cognitive function in poor resource settings. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique demonstrated that G. duodenalis was more frequent among controls than in diarrhoeal cases (≥3 loosing stools in the previous 24 hours). However, no molecular investigation was conducted to ascertain the molecular variability of the parasite. Therefore, we describe here the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in children younger than five years of age with and without diarrhoea from the Manhiça district in southern Mozambique enrolled in the context of GEMS. Genomic DNA from 757 G. duodenalis-positive stool samples by immunoassay collected between 2007–2012, were reanalysed by multiplex PCR targeting the E1-HP and C1-P21 genes for the differentiation of assemblages A and B. Overall, 47% (353) of the samples were successfully amplified in at least one locus. Assemblage B accounted for 90% (319/353) of all positives, followed by assemblage A (8%, 29/353) and mixed A+B infections (1%, 5/353). No association between the presence of a given assemblage and the occurrence of diarrhoea could be demonstrated. A total of 351 samples were further analysed by a multi-locus sequence genotyping (MLSG) approach at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), ß-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall, 63% (222/351) of samples were genotyped and/or sub-genotyped in at least one of the three markers. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of assemblages A (10%; 23/222) and B (90%; 199/222) with high molecular diversity at the nucleotide level within the latter; no mixed infections were identified under the MLSG scheme. Assemblage A sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages AI (0.5%, 1/222), AII (7%, 15/222) or ambiguous AII/AIII (3%, 7/222). Within assemblage B, sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages BIII (13%, 28/222), BIV (14%, 31/222) and ambiguous BIII/BIV (59%, 132/222). BIII/BIV sequences accumulated the majority of the single nucleotide polymorphisms detected, particularly in the form of double peaks at chromatogram inspection. This study demonstrated that the occurrence of gastrointestinal illness (diarrhoea) was not associated to a given genotype of G. duodenalis in Mozambican children younger than five years of age. The assemblage B of the parasite was responsible for nine out of ten infections detected in this paediatric population. The extremely high genetic diversity observed within assemblage B isolates was compatible with an hyperendemic epidemiological scenario where infections and reinfections were common. The obtained molecular data may be indicative of high coinfection rates by different G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages and/or genetic recombination events, although the exact contribution of both mechanisms to the genetic diversity of the parasite remains unknown.

scholarly journals Infection rate and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis assemblage C in Iranian stray dogs, targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Asghar Fazaeli ◽  
Mohammad Hasan Kohansal ◽  
Adel Spotin ◽  
Ali Haniloo ◽  
Abbasali Nourian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Northwest Iran ◽  
High Level ◽  
Enteric Protozoan

Background and Aim: Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common enteric protozoan parasites in vertebrates, such as humans, domestic and wild animals, causing giardiasis. To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages. This study aimed to identify genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblages in Iranian stray dogs. Materials and Methods: A total of 450 fecal samples were collected from 2015 to 2016 from stray dogs of Northwest Iran. All specimens were observed microscopically following concentration and flotation techniques. Subsequently, DNA samples were extracted, amplified, and sequenced targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Results: The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in infected dogs was estimated at 1.6%, based on microscopic and molecular diagnoses. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated a high level of genetic diversity of assemblage C (haplotype diversity; 0.802). Conclusion: The pairwise sequence distances between the identified isolates of assemblage C showed an intradiversity of 0.3%-1.3% and identity of 98.7%-100%. Current findings indicate that a significant genetic diversity of G. duodenalis assemblage C haplotypes is unequivocally circulates among stray dogs in Northwest Iran.

scholarly journals Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of potentially zoonotic Giardia duodenalis in pigs in Shanghai, China

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1205
Author(s):  
Hua Liu ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
Jianhai Yin ◽  
Zhongying Yuan ◽  
Yujuan Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Health Significance

AbstractGiardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and other mammals, and it causes major public and veterinary health problems worldwide. China is a major pig-raising country, and studies on Giardia in pigs have important public health significance. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Giardia and assess its genetic characterization. A total of 93 samples were collected from two farms in Shanghai. The presence of Giardia was determined using PCR and sequence analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin and triose phosphate isomerase genes. The average prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 26.88% (25/93) in the pigs, with 28.13% (18/64) in farm 1 vs 24.14% (7/29) in farm 2. All the PCR-positive products were successfully sequenced, and assemblage E was more prevalent. Zoonotic assemblages A and B and canine-specific assemblage C were identified in farm 1, whereas, only assemblage E was detected in farm 2. Interestingly, two pig isolates showed 100% homology with human-derived isolates from Australia and China at the bg and tpi loci respectively. Pigs infected with Giardia infect humans by polluting the environment; whether pigs are a potential environmental source of the human pathogen in China requires more epidemiological data.

scholarly journals Identification of Uncommon Cryptosporidiumviatorum (a Novel Subtype XVcA2G1c) and Cryptosporidium andersoni as Well as Common Giardia duodenalis Assemblages A and B in Humans in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanchen Wu ◽  
Baiyan Gong ◽  
Xiaohua Liu ◽  
Yanyan Jiang ◽  
Jianping Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Assemblage B

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two important zoonotic intestinal protozoa responsible for diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Feces from infected hosts, water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts as well as predictors such as poverty have been involved in their transmission. Myanmar is one of the world’s most impoverished countries. To date, there are few epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in humans. To understand the prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans in Myanmar, a molecular epidemiological investigation of the two protozoa was conducted in four villages of Shan State. 172 fecal specimens were collected from Wa people (one each) and identified for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis by sequence analysis of their respective small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. 1.74% of investigated people were infected with Cryptosporidium spp.—C. andersoni (n = 2) and C. viatorum (n = 1) while 11.05% infected with G. duodenalis—assemblages A (n = 6) and B (n = 13). By sequence analysis of 60-kDa glycoprotein gene, the C. viatorum isolate belonged to a novel subtype XVcA2G1c. DNA preparations positive for G. duodenalis were further subtyped. Five of them were amplified and sequenced successfully: different assemblage B sequences (n = 2) at the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) locus; sub-assemblage AII sequence (n = 1) and identical assemblage B sequences (n = 2) at the β-giardin (bg) locus. This is the first molecular epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in humans in Myanmar at both genotype and subtype levels. Due to unclear transmission patterns and dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, future research effort should focus on molecular epidemiological investigations of the two parasites in humans and animals living in close contact in the investigated areas, even in whole Myanmar. These data will aid in making efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent occurrence of both diseases.

Assessment of genetic variability amongst cultivated populations of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) detected by ISSR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karishma Kashyap ◽  
Rasika M. Bhagwat ◽  
Sofia Banu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Indian Food ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
High Level

Abstract Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a commercial mandarin variety grown in northeast India and one of the 175 Indian food items included in the global first food atlas. The cultivated plantations of Khasi mandarin grown prominently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast India, have been genetically eroded. The lack in the efforts for conservation of genetic variability in this mandarin variety prompted diversity analysis of Khasi mandarin germplasm across the region. Thus, the study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and partitioning of the genetic variations within and among 92 populations of Khasi mandarin collected from 10 cultivated sites in Kamrup and Kamrup (M) districts of Assam, India, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The amplification of genomic DNA with 17 ISSR primers yielded 216 scorable DNA amplicons of which 177 (81.94%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39 per primer. The total genetic diversity (HT = 0.28 ± 0.03) was close to the diversity within the population (HS = 0.20 ± 0.01). A high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST = 0.29) reflected a high level of gene flow (Nm = 1.22), indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 78% of intra-population differentiation, 21% among the population and 1% among the districts. The obtained results indicate the existence of a high level of genetic diversity in the cultivated Khasi mandarin populations, indicating the need for preservation of each existing population to revive the dying out orchards in northeast India.

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