scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Production Capacity in Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layan Abu Rahmoun ◽  
Maya Azrad ◽  
Avi Peretz
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Planktonic Form ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Sequence Types

BackgroundClostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the primary pathogens responsible for infectious diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment failure, occurring in about 30% of patients, and elevated rates of antibiotic resistance pose a major challenge for therapy. Reinfection often occurs by isolates that produce biofilm, a protective barrier impermeable to antibiotics. We explored the association between antibiotic resistance (in planktonic form) and biofilm-production in 123 C. difficile clinical isolates.ResultsOverall, 66 (53.6%) out of 123 isolates produced a biofilm, with most of them being either a strong (44%) or moderate (34.8%) biofilm producers. When compared to susceptible isolates, a statistically higher percentage of isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole or vancomycin were biofilm producers (p < 0.0001, for both antibiotics). Biofilm production intensity was higher among tolerant isolates; 53.1% of the metronidazole-susceptible isolates were not able to produce biofilms, and only 12.5% were strong biofilm-producers. In contrast, 63% of the isolates with reduced susceptibility had a strong biofilm-production capability, while 22.2% were non-producers. Among the vancomycin-susceptible isolates, 51% were unable to produce biofilms, while all the isolates with reduced vancomycin susceptibility were biofilm-producers. Additionally, strong biofilm production capacity was more common among the isolates with reduced vancomycin susceptibility, compared to susceptible isolates (72.7% vs. 18.8%, respectively). The distribution of biofilm capacity groups was statistically different between different Sequence-types (ST) strains (p =0.001). For example, while most of ST2 (66.7%), ST13 (60%), ST42 (80%) isolates were non-producers, most (75%) ST6 isolates were moderate producers and most of ST104 (57.1%) were strong producers.ConclusionsOur results suggest an association between reduced antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production capacity. This finding reinforces the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing, mainly in recurrence infections that may be induced by a strain that is both antibiotic tolerant and biofilm producer. Better adjustment of treatment in such cases may reduce recurrences rates and complications. The link of biofilm production and ST should be further validated; if ST can indicate on isolate virulence, then in the future, when strain typing methods will be more available to laboratories, ST determination may aid in indecision between supportive vs. aggressive treatment.

Occurrence, Genotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Drinking Water and Food Samples from Northeast China

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Fei ◽  
Yichao Jiang ◽  
Shaoying Gong ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Yan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Cronobacter Species ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT Cronobacter species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can infect both infants and adults. This study was conducted to isolate and genotype diverse Cronobacter species from drinking water, chilled fresh pork, powdered infant formula, instant noodles, cookies, fruits, vegetables, and dishes in Northeast China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility of the isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified: 21 C. sakazakii isolates (61.8%), 10 C. malonaticus isolates (29.4%), 2 C. dublinensis isolates (5.9%), and 1 C. turicensis isolate (2.9%). These isolates were further divided into 15 sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. C. sakazakii ST4 (10 isolates, 29.4%), ST1 (3 isolates, 8.8%), and ST8 (3 isolates, 8.8%) and C. malonaticus ST7 (four isolates, 11.8%) were dominant. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all 34 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 88.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and 67.6% were resistant to cephalothin. The results of this study enhance knowledge about genotyping and antibiotic resistance of these Cronobacter species and could be used to prevent potential hazards caused by these strains in drinking water and various food products.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections in Youssef Hospital Center: first report from Akkar governorate, North of Lebanon

10.3823/0802 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monzer Hamze ◽  
Marwan Osman ◽  
Hassan Mallat ◽  
Elie Bou Raad
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Hospital Center

Background. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common infection feature worldwide.   Infected patients are usually treated empirically treated without culture or antibiotics susceptibility testing, and which may lead to increase antibiotic resistance level. This study aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of common uropathogenic bacteria isolated at Youssef Hospital Center, Akkar governorate, North of Lebanon. Methods. Spot midstream of urine samples from 9662 patients with UTI symptoms who came for medical investigation to Youssef Hospital Center located in Akkar governorate.  Urine specimens were collected in sterile plastic bottles. Culture, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using conventional tools according to the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Results.  A total of 1009 bacterial uropathogens were isolated. Escherichia coli was most presented (72.5%) of all isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.2%), Enterococcus spp. (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%), Proteus spp. (3%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (1.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (0.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii(0.2%) and Providencia rettgeri (0.1%). Moreover, the mean antibiotic resistance rates of isolates was relatively high, but comparable to previously published data in Lebanon. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting epidemiological data regarding the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial uropathogens isolated from patients in the Akkar governorate. Our data indicated the urgent need of a strategic plan to tackle antibiotic resistance, particularly in deprived regions with poor healthcare centers.   Keywords: Uropathogens, Epidemiology, Antibiotic susceptibility, Risk factors, Akkargovernorate, North Lebanon.

Erythromycin resistance in invasive serotype 14 pneumococci is highly related to clonal type

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1101-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Clarke ◽  
K J Scott ◽  
S M McChlery
Keyword(s):  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Sequence Types

Sixty-seven serotype 14 pneumococci, isolated from invasive disease in Scotland during the first 6 months of 2003, were characterized. Serotype 14 pneumococci accounted for 18.2 % of the total number of cases. Serotyping, multilocus sequence typing and antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 10 different sequence types (STs), predominantly ST 9 and ST 124; most ST 9 pneumococci were erythromycin-resistant whilst those of ST 124 were not.

scholarly journals Decreased expression of femXAB genes and fnbp mediated biofilm pathways in OS-MRSA clinical isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umarani Brahma ◽  
Paresh Sharma ◽  
Shweta Murthy ◽  
Savitri Sharma ◽  
Shalini Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Fibronectin Binding ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant threat to human health. Additionally, biofilm forming bacteria becomes more tolerant to antibiotics and act as bacterial reservoir leading to chronic infection. In this study, we characterised the antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm production and sequence types (ST) of 74 randomly selected clinical isolates of S. aureus causing ocular infections. Antibiotic susceptibility revealed 74% of the isolates as resistant against one or two antibiotics, followed by 16% multidrug-resistant isolates (MDR), and 10% sensitive. The isolates were characterized as MRSA (n = 15), Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA, n = 48) and oxacillin susceptible mecA positive S. aureus (OS-MRSA, n = 11) based on oxacillin susceptibility, mecA gene PCR and PBP2a agglutination test. All OS-MRSA would have been misclassified as MSSA on the basis of susceptibility test. Therefore, both phenotypic and genotypic tests should be included to prevent strain misrepresentation. In addition, in-depth studies for understanding the emerging OS-MRSA phenotype is required. The role of fem XAB gene family has been earlier reported in OS-MRSA phenotype. Sequence analysis of the fem XAB genes revealed mutations in fem × (K3R, H11N, N18H and I51V) and fem B (L410F) genes. The fem XAB genes were also found down-regulated in OS-MRSA isolates in comparison to MRSA. In OS-MRSA isolates, biofilm formation is regulated by fibronectin binding proteins A & B. Molecular typing of the isolates revealed genetic diversity. All the isolates produced biofilm, however, MRSA isolates with strong biofilm phenotype represent a worrisome situation and may even result in treatment failure.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, Plasmid Detection and Curing of Clinically Isolated Enterococcus Species

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. C. Ezeah ◽  
M. C. Ugwu ◽  
A. O. Ekundayo ◽  
O. F. Odo ◽  
O. C. Ike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Enterococcus Species ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Agarose Electrophoresis

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major medical concern globally. Their significantly greater prevalence and the ability to transfer resistance to vancomycin from other bacteria made them an object of interest and intense research. The isolates of Enterococcus sp. were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing before curing. The three Enterococcus species exhibited different antibiotic resistance profile. Pre-curing antibiotic resistance of nosocomial isolates compared with community acquired isolates revealed that high percentage of the nosocomial isolates were resistant to antibiotics compared to community isolate. Post-curing antibiograms of the isolates showed different resistant and susceptibility pattern. Also, DNA plasmid pre-curing and post curing analysis of the isolates showed different resistance pattern. Six of the 15 representative isolates selected on the basis of their high pre-curing antibiotic resistance for plasmid analysis with 0.8% agarose electrophoresis were positive for plasmid DNA. Four (4) of the positive isolates (E. faecium, E. faecium, E. faecalis, and E. avium) had plasmid fragment of greater than 1000 bp while two (2) of them (E. faecalis and E. faecalis) had fragments of between 100 and 500 bp. The remaining nine (9) had no plasmid DNA. The study revealed the pathogenicity factors demonstrated with the enterococcal isolates.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan A. Khan ◽  
Mohd F. Siddiqui ◽  
Seungkyung Park
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) specifies effective antibiotic dosage and formulates a profile of empirical therapy for the proper management of an individual patient’s health against deadly infections. Therefore, rapid diagnostic plays a pivotal role in the treatment of bacterial infection. In this article, the authors review the socio-economic burden and emergence of antibiotic resistance. An overview of the phenotypic, genotypic, and emerging techniques for AST has been provided and discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. The historical perspective on conventional methods that have paved the way for modern AST like disk diffusion, Epsilometer test (Etest), and microdilution, is presented. Several emerging methods, such as microfluidic-based optical and electrochemical AST have been critically evaluated. Finally, the challenges related with AST and its outlook in the future are presented.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of ear pathogens isolated from patients in Tripoli, north of Lebanon

10.3823/0801 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monzer Hamze ◽  
Marwan Osman ◽  
Hassan Mallat ◽  
Marcel Achkar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Culture Identification ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Background. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a severe public health problem. However, infected patients are usually treated empirically without preceding culture or antibiotics susceptibility testing, which may increase the antibiotic resistance level. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of common bacterial uropathogens isolated in Akkar governorate, North Lebanon. Methods. Spot midstream from urine samples from 9662 patients presenting UTI symptoms who came to Youssef Hospital Center located in Akkar governorate, were collected in sterile plastic cups. Culture, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed through conventional tools according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures and the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Results. Overall, a total of 1009 bacterial uropathogens were isolated. Escherichia coli was predominant and represented 72.5% of all isolates , followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.2%), Enterococcus spp. (5.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%), Proteus spp. (3%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (1.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (0.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (0.2%) and Providencia rettgeri (0.1%). Moreover, the mean antibiotic resistance rates of isolates was relatively high, but similar to previous investigations reported in our country. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting epidemiological data regarding the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens isolated from patients in Akkar governorate. Our data indicated the urgent need of a strategic plan to tackle antibiotic resistance, particularly in deprived regions with poor healthcare structures such as Akkar governorate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/801

scholarly journals Carbapenemases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Tunisian and Libyan hospitals

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (07) ◽  
pp. 718-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najla Mathlouthi ◽  
Charbel Al-Bayssari ◽  
Allaaeddin El Salabi ◽  
Sofiane Bakour ◽  
Salha Ben Gwierif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Esbl Producers

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae recovered from Tunisian and Libyan hospitals. Methodology: Bacterial isolates were recovered from patients in intensive care units and identified by biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion and the E-test method. ESBL and carbapenemase activities were detected using standard microbiological tests. Antibiotic resistance-encoding genes were screened by PCR and sequencing. Clonal relationships between Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were carried out using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Results: A total of 87 isolates were characterized, with 51 and 36, respectively, identified as E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Overall the resistance prevalence was high for aminoglycosides (> 60%), fluoroquinolones (> 80%), and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (> 94%), and was low for imipenem (11.4%). Among this collection, 58 strains (66.6%) were ESBL producers and 10 K. pneumoniae strains (11.4%) were carbapenemase producers. The antibiotic resistance-encoding genes detected were blaCTX-M-15 (51.7%), blaTEM-1 (35.6%), several variants of blaSHV (21.8%), and blaOXA-48 (11.4%). The MLST typing of K. pneumoniae isolates revealed the presence of multiple clones and three novel sequence types. Also, close relationships between the OXA-48-producing strains from Tunisia and Libya were demonstrated. Conclusions: This study is the first paper describing the emergence of carbapenemase- and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, sensitive to colistin, isolated in Tunisia and Libya. Active surveillance and testing for susceptibility to colistin should be implementing because resistance to colistin, mainly in Klebsiella, has been recently reported worldwide.

scholarly journals Machine Learning for Antibiotic Resistance Prediction: A Prototype Using Off-the-Shelf Techniques and Entry-Level Data to Guide Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Georgios Feretzakis ◽  
Aikaterini Sakagianni ◽  
Evangelos Loupelis ◽  
Dimitris Kalles ◽  
Nikoletta Skarmoutsou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Ensemble Technique

Objectives: In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the need for early identification and prompt treatment of multi-drug-resistant infections is crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in critically ill patients. As traditional microbiological susceptibility testing requires at least 24 hours, automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques could be used as clinical decision support tools to predict antimicrobial resistance and select appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.Methods: An antimicrobial susceptibility dataset of 11,496 instances from 499 patients admitted to the internal medicine wards of a public hospital in Greece was processed by using Microsoft Azure AutoML to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility predictions using patients’ simple demographic characteristics, as well as previous antibiotic susceptibility testing, without any concomitant clinical data. Furthermore, the balanced dataset was also processed using the same procedure. The datasets contained the attributes of sex, age, sample type, Gram stain, 44 antimicrobial substances, and the antibiotic susceptibility results.Results: The stack ensemble technique achieved the best results in the original and balanced dataset with an area under the curve-weighted metric of 0.822 and 0.850, respectively.Conclusions: Implementation of AutoML for antimicrobial susceptibility data can provide clinicians useful information regarding possible antibiotic resistance and aid them in selecting appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy by taking into consideration the local antimicrobial resistance ecosystem.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility ofVibrio choleraenon-O1

1995 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dalsgaard ◽  
O. Serichantalergs ◽  
C. Pitarangsi ◽  
P. Echeverria
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Gene Status

SUMMARYA collection of 64 clinical and environmentalVibrio choleraenon-O1 strains isolated in Asia and Peru were characterized by molecular methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing. All strains were resistant to at least 1 and 80% were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Several strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance (≥ three antibiotics). Plasmids most often of low molecular weight were found in 21/64 (33%) strains. The presence of plasmids did not correlate with antibiotic resistance or influence ribotype patterns. In colony hybridization studies 63/64 (98%)V. choleraenon-O1 strains were cholera toxin negative, whereas only strains recovered from patients were heat-stable enterotoxin positive. Forty-sevenBglI ribotypes were observed. No correlation was shown between ribotype and toxin gene status. Ribotype similarity was compared by cluster analysis and two main groups of 13 and 34 ribotypes was found. Ribotyping is apparently a useful epidemiological tool in investigations ofV. choleraenon-O1 infections.

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