Generalized Trust and Social Selection Process

Generalized trust relieves individuals in a socially uncertain situation from dyadic constraints of existing ties and helps them change ties with other individuals to acquire better resources. However, much evidence in the emancipation role of generalized trust as a booster of new relationship formation has been limited to laboratory experiments or cross-sectional surveys. We conducted a four-wave longitudinal survey to test whether individuals high in generalized trust actively switch ties and form open triads in dynamic social networks. Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models were employed to analyze structural changes in advice and personal discussion networks among first-year undergraduates. Results showed the predicted patterns of social selection processes based on generalized trust when the dynamics of the two networks were analyzed simultaneously: only in the advice network, individuals high in generalized trust tended to terminate existing ties, create new ties, and show a decreasing trend toward forming close triads when the degree of local clustering was large. Effective tie-formation strategies of individuals high in generalized trust in a multiplex network structure are discussed.

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The Application of the Marketing Concept in Textbook Selection: Using the Cloze Procedure

Journal of Marketing Education ◽

10.1177/027347539601800104 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 14-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert Rugimbana ◽

Chris Patel

Keyword(s):

Selection Process ◽

Instructional Medium ◽

First Year ◽

Marketing Concept ◽

First Year Students ◽

Marketing Education ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Text Selection ◽

Cloze Procedure ◽

Fundamental Law

Because of increased class sizes, higher staff teaching loads, and inadequate teaching facilities, many marketing faculty have less time to evaluate textbooks effectively. This situation results in text selection processes based on criteria that favor ease of teaching rather than student learning. Since marketing education places great reliance on textbooks as the primary instructional medium, marketing academics must select textbooks using explicit, educationally sound, student-oriented criteria. A method reflecting the most fundamental law of marketing, one that ensures that the chosen texts are easy for students to read and understand, should rate as an important selection process criterion. The cloze procedure has proven to be a highly reliable and valid measure of “understandability.” This study suggests that it is an objective and responsive marketing-oriented technique for selecting marketing textbooks. To demonstrate its use, the technique is used to rank three international editions of principles of marketing textbooks by obtaining scores of understandability from first-year students at one Australian university. These objective scores of understandability, when complemented by other qualitative and quantitative criteria for evaluating textbooks, are very useful for selecting marketing textbooks.

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Ethnic Insults in YouTube Comments: Social Contagion and Selection Effects During the German “Refugee Crisis”

European Sociological Review ◽

10.1093/esr/jcaa053 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christoph Spörlein ◽

Elmar Schlueter

Keyword(s):

Social Selection ◽

Sexual Assaults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Full Sample ◽

Highly Active ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Political Talk ◽

Youtube Videos ◽

The Impact

Abstract In this article, we investigate the extent to which ethnic insults propagate through comment networks in YouTube videos from four German political talk shows with the largest audience reach. We argue that comments using ethnic insults signal social norms and embolden others to emulate offensive behaviour, therefore potentially contributing the contagiousness of insulting commenting. Moreover, periods of highly salient intergroup conflict (i.e. sexual assaults and terrorist attacks), may further reduce inhibitions to publicly post insulting content further multiplying the spread of this behaviour. To evaluate our claims, we construct a repeated cross-sectional dataset from the comment networks in YouTube videos as well as a pseudo-panel of highly active users which is used to gauge the impact of social selection. Results indicate that the use of ethnic insults in online comment sections appears socially contagious. Specifically, we find that a larger presence of ethnic insults in preceding comments increases the prevalence of insulting comments by 2 percentage points which increases to 7 percentage points in the aftermath of violent incidents. However, findings based on the pseudo-user panel do show that using ethnic insults is socially contagious thus suggesting that the patterns found for the full sample are largely a function of social selection processes.

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Elastomeric liners for people with transtibial amputation: Survey of prosthetists’ clinical practices

Prosthetics and Orthotics International ◽

10.1177/0309364616661256 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 149-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Brian J Hafner ◽

John C Cagle ◽

Katheryn J Allyn ◽

Joan E Sanders

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Selection Process ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transtibial Amputation ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Prescription Practices ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Selection Practices

Background: A diverse range of elastomeric liner products are available to people with transtibial amputation. However, little information is available about how prosthetists select the product best suited to each patient. Objectives: To determine how prosthetists obtain information about liners, which features are most relevant to the selection process, and which products are used most for patients with transtibial amputation. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: A custom online survey was developed to solicit information about prosthetists’ liner selection practices. Prosthetists with experience managing transtibial patients were recruited via advertisements posted in magazines, at conferences, and on a listserv. Responses were analyzed to characterize prosthetists’ liner selection practices. Results: Data from 106 experienced prosthetists (mean age: 44.4 years, mean experience: 15.7 years) were included. Most prosthetists (94%) obtained liner information from manufacturer representatives, websites, or literature. On average, respondents factored nine different liner characteristics into their selection processes. Prosthetists reported experience with 16 unique liner products with their transtibial patients, but routinely used fewer than 3. Conclusion: Although many different prosthetic liners are available, prosthetists regularly use only a few select liner products. Tools or strategies to objectively compare prosthetic liners across manufacturers are likely needed to facilitate more diverse prescription practices. Clinical relevance Knowledge of prosthetists’ prosthetic liner selection practices may guide development of evidence-based resources or tools to facilitate matching patients with appropriate liners. Results of this study may also inform researchers and manufacturers about desirable liner characteristics and direct development of novel liner products to address prosthetists’ clinical needs.

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Ice ridges in landfast ice of Shokal'skogo Strait

GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY ◽

10.24057/2071-9388-2019-43 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 16-26

Author(s):

Victor V. Kharitonov

Keyword(s):

Penetration Rate ◽

Hot Water ◽

First Year ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Long Distance ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Landfast Ice ◽

Thermal Drilling ◽

Severnaya Zemlya ◽

Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago

Three first-year ice ridges have been examined with respect to geometry and morphology in landfast ice of Shokal'skogo Strait (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago) in May 2018. Two of the studied ice ridges were located on the edge of the ridged field and were part of it, because their keels extended for a long distance deep into this field. Ice ridges characteristics are discussed in the paper. These studies were conducted using hot water thermal drilling with computer recording of the penetration rate. Boreholes were drilled along the cross-section of the ridge crest at 0.25 m intervals. Cross-sectional profiles of ice ridges are illustrated. The maximal sail height varied from 2.9 up to 3.2 m, the maximal keel depth varied from 8.5 up to 9.6 m. The average keel depth to sail height ratio varied from 2.8 to 3.3, and the thickness of the consolidated layer was 2.5-3.5 m. The porosity of the non-consolidated part of the keel was about 23-27%. The distributions of porosity versus depth for all ice ridges are presented.

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Assessment of knowledge about oral cancer: study with students of public education

RSBO ◽

10.21726/rsbo.v12i1.172 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisabete Rabaldo Bottan ◽

Iara Fiorentin Comunello ◽

Constanza Marín ◽

Eduardo Mazzetti Subtil

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Oral Cancer ◽

Target Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Primary Data ◽

First Year ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Level Of Knowledge

Introduction and Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge about oral cancer of students attending public school in one city of Santa Catarina (Brasil). Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, using primary data collection. Students of last year of elementary school and first year of high school, enrolled in public schools in the city of Itajaí (SC), in 2012, were the target population. The non-probability sample was obtained by convenience. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire structured with 13 questions divided into three fields. The level of knowledge was made based on pre-established scores. Results: 1149 instruments were analyzed (80.8% of the target population). The average age of the group was 15.5 years and 54.5% were female. The majority (78%) never had received information about oral cancer. Only 27.9% had cognizance about self-examination of the oral cavity. With regard to knowledge, 87.5% classified as unsatisfactory. For most issues the cognitive field did not identify a significant correlation between knowledge and the variables gender and education. When asked if they would like to participate in educational and preventive activitiesabout oral cancer and other issues related to health, 72.6% expressed interest. Conclusion: The group did not have adequate knowledge on the subject of oral cancer. Facing this reality, and the positive attitude of respondents, the researchers designed and offered an educational program to the research subjects.

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Performance in grade 12 mathematics and science predicts student nurses’ performance in first year science modules at a university in the Western Cape

Curationis ◽

10.4102/curationis.v40i1.1776 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katlego D.T. Mthimunye ◽

Felicity M. Daniels

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Academic Performance ◽

Predictive Validity ◽

Life Science ◽

Student Nurses ◽

First Year ◽

Western Cape ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mathematics And Science ◽

First Year Student

Background: The demand for highly qualified and skilled nurses is increasing in South Africa as well as around the world. Having a background in science can create a significant advantage for students wishing to enrol for an undergraduate nursing qualification because nursing as profession is grounded in scientific evidence.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of grade 12 mathematics and science on the academic performance of first year student nurses in science modules.Method: A quantitative research method using a cross-sectional predictive design was employed in this study. The participants included first year Bachelor of Nursing students enrolled at a university in the Western Cape, South Africa. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to analyse the data by using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences versions 24. Descriptive analysis of all variables was performed as well as the Spearman’s rank correlation test to describe the relationship among the study variables. Standard multiple linear regressions analysis was performed to determine the predictive validity of grade 12 mathematics and science on the academic performance of first year student nurses in science modules.Results: The results of this study showed that grade 12 physical science is not a significant predictor (p > 0.062) of performance in first year science modules. The multiple linear regression revealed that grade 12 mathematics and life science grades explained 37.1% to 38.1% (R2 = 0.381 and adj R2 = 0.371) of the variation in the first year science grade distributions.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study it is evident that performance in grade 12 mathematics (β = 2.997) and life science (β = 3.175) subjects is a significant predictor (p < 0.001) of the performance in first year science modules for student nurses at the university identified for this study.

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Social inequality in parent–infant relations: Epidemiological study of community nurse records

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494820983137 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 140349482098313

Author(s):

Bjørn E. Holstein ◽

Sofie Weber Pant ◽

Janni Ammitzbøll ◽

Trine Pagh Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Community Sample ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Home Visits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Immigrant Parents ◽

First Year ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Parents And Children ◽

First Year Of Life

Background: Some studies suggest that favourable socioeconomic circumstances are associated with better parent–child relations but the documentation of such an association is limited and inconsistent. Few studies focused on infancy, few studies relied on objective measurement of parent–infant relations, and few studies included more than one measurement of parent–infant relations in the first year of life. Aims: To report the prevalence of objectively measured problems in parent–infant relations during the first year of life and to examine the association between socioeconomic circumstances and parent–infant relations in an unselected community sample of infants. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a community sample of children from birth to 10 months in 15 municipalities in Denmark, n = 11,765. The exposure variables were population register data about socioeconomic circumstances: (a) parents’ education, (b) family composition, (c) parents’ origin, and (d) parents’ occupational status. The outcome variable was the health visitor’s concerns about the parent–infant relation assessed at four home visits from birth to 10 months after delivery. Results: The proportion of children with concerns about the parent–infant relation was 10.5%, 7.8% at one home visit and 2.8% at two or more home visits. Logistic regression analyses showed that all four indicators of socioeconomic circumstances were associated with concerns about the parent–infant relation in the first year of life. Conclusions: The risk of problematic parent–infant relations were significantly elevated among, children of immigrant parents, and children of parents with shorter education and not in education or work.

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Decreased choroidal and scleral thicknesses in highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87065-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Un Chul Park ◽

Eun Kyoung Lee ◽

Bo Hee Kim ◽

Baek-Lok Oh

Keyword(s):

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pathologic Myopia ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Swept Source ◽

Posterior Staphyloma ◽

Myopic Maculopathy

AbstractIn this cross-sectional study, we investigated choroidal thickness (CT) and scleral thickness (ST) in highly myopic eyes and their associations with ocular factors. Patients underwent widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the CT and ST at the subfovea and 3000 μm superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal to the fovea and macular curvature. A total of 237 eyes (154 patients) were included. At all five measurement points, thinner CTs and STs were associated with longer axial lengths (r = − 0.548 to − 0.357, all P < 0.001) and greater macular curvatures (r = − 0.542 to − 0.305, all P < 0.001). The CT and ST were significantly thinner in eyes with posterior staphyloma than in those without at all measurement points (all P ≤ 0.006) but did not differ between eyes with the wide macular and narrow macular type of staphyloma. Eyes with myopic maculopathy of category ≥ 3 according to the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia classification had significantly thinner CTs and STs than those with category ≤ 2 (all P ≤ 0.005). In highly myopic eyes, a decrease in the CT and ST was more pronounced in eyes with more structural changes, such as longer axial length, steeper macular curvature, and the presence of posterior staphyloma.

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Microperimetry-Assessed Functional Alterations and OCT-Changes in Patients after Retinal Detachment Surgery Using Pars Plana Vitrectomy and SF6 Tamponade

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11071157 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1157

Author(s):

María D. Díaz-Barreda ◽

Isabel Bartolomé-Sesé ◽

Ana Boned-Murillo ◽

Antonio Ferreras ◽

Elvira Orduna-Hospital ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retinal Detachment ◽

Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Retinal Sensitivity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Swept Source ◽

Integrity Assessment ◽

Integrity Index ◽

Pars Plana

Background: We study the retinal function measured by macular integrity assessment microperimetry (MAIA) and structural changes assessed by scanning swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) between healthy individuals and patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: Cross-sectional study. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grids were measured by SS-OCT and compared with the MAIA parameters. Results: Thirty-eight eyes with RRD (19 macula-on and 19 macula-off) were compared with 113 healthy eyes. The retinal sensitivity and average total threshold were reduced in all sectors in the RRD group; macular integrity index was increased. Macular thicknesses in total retina and ganglion cell layer (GCL)++ protocols were higher in the RRD group in nasal outer (NO) and central (C) sectors and only in C sector for GCL+ protocol. Thicknesses were lower in total retina, GCL++ protocols in the temporal outer (TO) sector and in the GCL+ protocol in NO sector. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) correlated moderately with retinal sensitivity in all sectors and in just several sectors with time between the date of surgery and the test. The central nasal (CN) sector thickness and the average total threshold were higher in the macula-on subgroup. Conclusions: RRD and subsequent surgery results in functional and structural changes, especially in individuals with macular detachment.

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Predicting Rates of Inbreeding in Populations Undergoing Selection

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/154.4.1851 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 154 (4) ◽

pp. 1851-1864 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

John A Woolliams ◽

Piter Bijma

Keyword(s):

Overlapping Generations ◽

Linear Models ◽

Selection Process ◽

Correction Term ◽

Random Mating ◽

Nonrandom Mating ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Genetic Contributions ◽

The Relationship

AbstractTractable forms of predicting rates of inbreeding (ΔF) in selected populations with general indices, nonrandom mating, and overlapping generations were developed, with the principal results assuming a period of equilibrium in the selection process. An existing theorem concerning the relationship between squared long-term genetic contributions and rates of inbreeding was extended to nonrandom mating and to overlapping generations. ΔF was shown to be ~¼(1 − ω) times the expected sum of squared lifetime contributions, where ω is the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. This relationship cannot be used for prediction since it is based upon observed quantities. Therefore, the relationship was further developed to express ΔF in terms of expected long-term contributions that are conditional on a set of selective advantages that relate the selection processes in two consecutive generations and are predictable quantities. With random mating, if selected family sizes are assumed to be independent Poisson variables then the expected long-term contribution could be substituted for the observed, providing ¼ (since ω = 0) was increased to ½. Established theory was used to provide a correction term to account for deviations from the Poisson assumptions. The equations were successfully applied, using simple linear models, to the problem of predicting ΔF with sib indices in discrete generations since previously published solutions had proved complex.

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