scholarly journals Mitochondrial Fission Protein 1: Emerging Roles in Organellar Form and Function in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugochukwu Kelvin Ihenacho ◽  
Kelsey A. Meacham ◽  
Megan Cleland Harwig ◽  
Michael E. Widlansky ◽  
R. Blake Hill
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mitochondrial Division ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
And Function

Mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1) was identified in yeast as being essential for mitochondrial division or fission and subsequently determined to mediate human mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Yet, its exact functions in humans, especially in regard to mitochondrial fission, remains an enigma as genetic deletion of Fis1 elongates mitochondria in some cell types, but not others. Fis1 has also been identified as an important component of apoptotic and mitophagic pathways suggesting the protein may have multiple, essential roles. This review presents current perspectives on the emerging functions of Fis1 and their implications in human health and diseases, with an emphasis on Fis1’s role in both endocrine and neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Form and function of the intervertebral disc in health and disease: a morphological and stain comparison study

2014 ◽  
Vol 227 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Walter ◽  
O. M. Torre ◽  
D. Laudier ◽  
T. P. Naidich ◽  
A. C. Hecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Form and Function in Cells of the Brain

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines unique mechanisms that the neuron has evolved to establish and maintain the form required for its specialized signaling functions. Unlike some other organs, the brain contains a variety of cell types including several classes of glial cells, which play a critical role in the formation of the myelin sheath around axons and may be involved in immune responses, synaptic transmission, and long-distance calcium signaling in the brain. Neurons share many features in common with other cells (including glia), but they are distinguished by their highly asymmetrical shapes. The neuronal cytoskeleton is essential for establishing this cell shape during development and for maintaining it in adulthood. The process of axonal transport moves vesicles and other organelles to regions remote from the neuronal cell body. Proteins such as kinesin and dynein, called molecular motors, make use of the energy released by hydrolysis of ATP to drive axonal transport.

scholarly journals Carotenoid metabolism in mitochondrial function

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Peiran Lu ◽  
Siau Yen Wong ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
Dingbo Lin
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function

Abstract Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that are found in most eukaryotic organisms. It is broadly accepted that mitochondria originally evolved from prokaryotic bacteria, e.g. proteobacteria. The mitochondrion has its independent genome that encodes 37 genes, including 13 genes for oxidative phosphorylation. Accumulative evidence demonstrates that mitochondria are not only the powerhouse of the cells by supplying adenosine triphosphate, but also exert roles as signalling organelles in the cell fate and function. Numerous factors can affect mitochondria structurally and functionally. Carotenoids are a large group of fat-soluble pigments commonly found in our diets. Recently, much attention has been paid in carotenoids as dietary bioactives in mitochondrial structure and function in human health and disease, though the mechanistic research is limited. Here, we update the recent progress in mitochondrial functioning as signalling organelles in human health and disease, summarize the potential roles of carotenoids in regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis, biogenesis, and mitophagy, and discuss the possible approaches for future research in carotenoid regulation of mitochondrial function.

scholarly journals Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (6) ◽  
pp. L1113-L1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Growth And Aging ◽  
And Function

Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.

scholarly journals A comprehensive guide to the ROMK potassium channel: form and function in health and disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. F849-F863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Welling ◽  
Kevin Ho
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Potassium Homeostasis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
Channel Form ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The discovery of the renal outer medullary K+channel (ROMK, Kir1.1), the founding member of the inward-rectifying K+channel (Kir) family, by Ho and Hebert in 1993 revolutionized our understanding of potassium channel biology and renal potassium handling. Because of the central role that ROMK plays in the regulation of salt and potassium homeostasis, considerable efforts have been invested in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we provide a comprehensive guide to ROMK, spanning from the physiology in the kidney to the organization and regulation by intracellular factors to the structural basis of its function at the atomic level.

scholarly journals Subcellular Specialization of Mitochondrial Form and Function in Skeletal Muscle Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bradley Willingham ◽  
Peter T. Ajayi ◽  
Brian Glancy
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Cells ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Heterogeneity ◽  
And Function

Across different cell types and within single cells, mitochondria are heterogeneous in form and function. In skeletal muscle cells, morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations of mitochondria have been identified, but the mechanisms by which the subcellular specialization of mitochondria contributes to energy homeostasis in working muscles remains unclear. Here, we discuss the current data regarding mitochondrial heterogeneity in skeletal muscle cells and highlight potential new lines of inquiry that have emerged due to advancements in cellular imaging technologies.

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