scholarly journals Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somandla Ncube ◽  
Yannick Belo Nuapia ◽  
Luke Chimuka ◽  
Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela ◽  
Anita Etale
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trace Detection ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

One of the major concerns in the consumption of antibiotics is the discovery of antibacterial resistant genes due to prolonged exposure which makes their presence in environmental samples a priority. In this study, we screened 52 antibiotics along a South African stream polluted with wastewater effluents and municipal dumpsite leachates. Of these antibiotics, 15 were detected in the stream while 3 sulfonamides (sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), a fluoroquinolone (flumequine) and a diaminopyrimidine (trimethoprim) were further quantified. The concentrations of sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole ranged from not detected to 0.133 µg L−1, flumequine ranged from 0.222 to 0.686 µg L−1, while trimethoprim was up to 0.0618 µg L−1. The highest concentrations were recorded at the point source discharge with most antibiotics not detected further downstream. The current study has further confirmed wastewater effluents and dumpsite leachates as pathways of antibiotics into the environment. Only the persistent unsanctioned antibiotic, flumequine had its risk quotient above 0.1 making it an antibiotic of environmental concern. Multiresidue studies are still limited in Africa and the current study offers a platform for a research paradigm shift with more studies expected to emerge providing an improved overview of the release of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals into Africa’s vulnerable surface water systems.

Detection of Rotavirus in South African Waters: A Comparison of a Cytoimmunolabelling Technique with Commercially Available Immunoassays

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
G. K. Idema ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

A cytoimmunolabelling technique was compared with commercially available immunoassays for the detection of the simian rotavirus SA11 and human rotavirus in various environmental samples. The technique is based on labelling MA104 cells with antibody conjugated with an enzyme for the detection of rotavirus. Water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration and inoculated on trypsin-treated MA104 cells. After 18 h incubation, evidence of viral replication was determined by immunolabelling of viral antigen using antibodies tagged with horseradish peroxidase. The cytoimmunolabelling method was shown to be 105 times more sensitive for the detection of rotavirus than commercially available ELISA and latex agglutination kits. The cytoimmunolabelling technique was also shown to be successful for the detection of human rotavirus in river and marine waters and wastewater effluents.

scholarly journals The Effect of Electrolytes on the Photodegradation Kinetics of Caffeine

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Pedro M. Rendel ◽  
Giora Rytwo
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Unsuccessfully treated by the existing wastewater-treatment processes, caffeine concentrations in wastewater effluents and natural reservoirs are constantly rising. Photodegradation treatment processes are drawing much attention due to their potential to oxidize and remove such, and similar contaminating compounds from treated waters. In continuation to our previous work on the photodegradation kinetics of caffeine in water by UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2, this work evaluates the influence of various electrolytes, including NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, NaBr, and KBr, on the kinetics of the UV/H2O2 photodegradation of caffeine, aiming at estimating the efficiency of the method in more complex water systems. Results show that the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 photodegradation reactions is strongly affected by ionic strength and the presence of electrolytes in the solution. While chloride electrolytes were shown to optimize or reduce the process efficiency pending on their concentration. The sole presence of NaBr and KBr shows an immediate reduction in the efficiency of the photodegradation. Empirical apparent-rate-coefficients and curves describing the effect of the different electrolytes on the photodegradation kinetics of caffeine are presented.

(Post)Colonial Culture and the South African Legal System: Understanding the Relationship between Living Customary Law and State Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindiso Mnisi
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
The South ◽  
Value System ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial Culture ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper traces the relationship between state law and indigenous systems in South Africa from its incipience, and argues that living customary law has been systematically ignored or inaccurately applied. In it, I advocate a paradigm shift as being fundamental to developing the theories, methods and standards adopted in consideration of customary law. I use the law of succession as a vehicle for displaying the clash of state and customary law and, herewith, expound the process by which this tension came about. In conclusion, I argue that a paradigm shift allowing for customary law to be understood within its own functioning and value system, rather than in a manner imposing western notions of society, culture and progress is necessary. This will enable the reunion of the South African legal order and reincorporation of customary communities into the national project.

scholarly journals   Rural and environmental concern – focus on the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kment ◽  
L. Kocmánková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Ecological Modernisation ◽  
Development Approach

An increasing number of works on the rural-environmental connection can be found at present. However, their overview and classification are needed – this is the guiding idea of this paper. We distinguish three approaches to the rural-environmental connection and label them scientific approach, environmentalist approach, and development approach. In the paper, theories of environmental concern (post-materialism, paradigm shift, and ecological modernisation) are discussed at first and then a classification of works is proposed.  

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