Detection of Rotavirus in South African Waters: A Comparison of a Cytoimmunolabelling Technique with Commercially Available Immunoassays

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
G. K. Idema ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

A cytoimmunolabelling technique was compared with commercially available immunoassays for the detection of the simian rotavirus SA11 and human rotavirus in various environmental samples. The technique is based on labelling MA104 cells with antibody conjugated with an enzyme for the detection of rotavirus. Water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration and inoculated on trypsin-treated MA104 cells. After 18 h incubation, evidence of viral replication was determined by immunolabelling of viral antigen using antibodies tagged with horseradish peroxidase. The cytoimmunolabelling method was shown to be 105 times more sensitive for the detection of rotavirus than commercially available ELISA and latex agglutination kits. The cytoimmunolabelling technique was also shown to be successful for the detection of human rotavirus in river and marine waters and wastewater effluents.

scholarly journals Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somandla Ncube ◽  
Yannick Belo Nuapia ◽  
Luke Chimuka ◽  
Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela ◽  
Anita Etale
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trace Detection ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

One of the major concerns in the consumption of antibiotics is the discovery of antibacterial resistant genes due to prolonged exposure which makes their presence in environmental samples a priority. In this study, we screened 52 antibiotics along a South African stream polluted with wastewater effluents and municipal dumpsite leachates. Of these antibiotics, 15 were detected in the stream while 3 sulfonamides (sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), a fluoroquinolone (flumequine) and a diaminopyrimidine (trimethoprim) were further quantified. The concentrations of sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole ranged from not detected to 0.133 µg L−1, flumequine ranged from 0.222 to 0.686 µg L−1, while trimethoprim was up to 0.0618 µg L−1. The highest concentrations were recorded at the point source discharge with most antibiotics not detected further downstream. The current study has further confirmed wastewater effluents and dumpsite leachates as pathways of antibiotics into the environment. Only the persistent unsanctioned antibiotic, flumequine had its risk quotient above 0.1 making it an antibiotic of environmental concern. Multiresidue studies are still limited in Africa and the current study offers a platform for a research paradigm shift with more studies expected to emerge providing an improved overview of the release of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals into Africa’s vulnerable surface water systems.

Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson ◽  
C. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

The Occurrence of Male-Specific and Somatic Bacteriophages in Polluted South African Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
P. Coubrough ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Male Specific

The occurrence of somatic (F') and male-specific (F') coliphages and Salmonella phages in a variety of environmental water samples was studied using different bacterial hosts. The number of plaque-forming units (pfu) of the different bacteriophages were compared and their resistance pattern to a biological treatment (humus tank) and chlorination was evaluated. The presence of the bacteriophages in shellfish was also studied. The morphology of isolate bacteriophages was examined as well as the visibility of the different plaques formed. Coliphages were found to produce larger and clearer plaques than all other bacteriophages studied. In most of the environmental water samples coliphages outnumbered all other bacteriophages, with the exception of dam water in which higher levels of F' Salmonella phages were detected. The majority of the F' Salmonella phages were shown to be RNA bacteriophages.

Detection of enteric adenoviruses in south African waters using gene probes

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
M. Gericke ◽  
B. Bateman ◽  
N. Mjoli ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Gene Probe ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Gene Probes ◽  
Probe Hybridization ◽  
Enteric Adenoviruses ◽  
Effect Of Chlorine

Gene probes developed locally for both enteric Adenoviruses 40 and 41 were used to determine whether these viruses were present in both raw and treated waters. Approximately sixty water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration and analysed directly for the presence of enteric adenoviruses. Three pretreatment techniques, namely sephadex columns, cellulose fibre and GenecleanTM were tested for the removal of inhibitory substances from concentrated water samples. The effect of chlorine treatment on viral detection using gene probe hybridization was also examined by exposing adenoviruses to chlorine concentrations of up to 20mg/l for 1 hour. Enteric adenoviruses were detected in up to 59% of both raw and treated waters analysed. Cellulose fibre and GenecleanTM were found to successfully remove inhibitory substances from concentrated raw waters. Viral DNA was detected after exposure to a range of chlorine concentrations indicating that the viruses detected in the treated waters may have been inactivated virus particles.

Evaluation of flow-cytometry for the monitoring of infectious human rotavirus in water

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 451-453
Author(s):  
F. X. Abad ◽  
A. Bosch ◽  
J. Comas ◽  
D. Villalba ◽  
R. M. Pintó
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Monolayers ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Faecal Samples

A method has been developed for the detection of infectious human rotavirus (HRV), based on infection of MA104 and CaCo-2 cell monolayers and ulterior flow cytometry. The sensitivity of the flow cytometry procedure for the cell-adapted HRV enabled the detection of 200 and 2 MPNCU in MA104 and CaCo-2 cells, respectively. Flow cytometry performed five days after infection of CaCo-2 enabled the detection of naturally occurring wild-type HRV in faecal samples and concentrated water samples.

Field analysis Cr(VI) in water samples by a smartphone-based ultralong absorption path reflection colorimetric device

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Chen ◽  
Cheng Ma ◽  
Qi Kang ◽  
Yu-Qin Chen ◽  
Dazhong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Absorption Path

Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic and regarded as one of the main pollutants in environmental samples. Sophisticated laboratory instruments are commercially available for in-field determination of chromium. It is highly...

Deconvolution of alpha liquid scintillation spectra for quantitative analysis of actinide elements in water samples

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Aupiais
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Isotopic Ratio ◽  
Ratio Determination ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Uranium Plutonium ◽  
Actinide Elements

SummaryThe reliability and accuracy of actinide measurement in environmental samples strongly depend on theThe intensity of the internal conversions for thorium, uranium, plutonium and americium have been calculated and normalised to the intensity of the main alpha transition. These data can be used to determine the activity of any above-mentioned actinide by alpha liquid scintillation with alpha/beta discrimination. The quantitative analysis and the isotopic ratio determination of several certified solutions of actinides demonstrate the validity of this approach.

scholarly journals Diversity ofLeptospiraspp. in Rats and Environment from Urban Areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Fung Pui ◽  
Lesley Maurice Bilung ◽  
Kasing Apun ◽  
Lela Su’ut
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Soil And Water

Various prevalence studies onLeptospirain animals and humans, as well as environmental samples, had been conducted worldwide, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophyticLeptospirain selected animals and environments. This study was therefore conducted to detectLeptospiraspp. in rats, soil, and water from urban areas of Sarawak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 107 rats, 292 soil samples, and 324 water samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. PathogenicLeptospirawas present in 5.6% (6/107) of rats, 11.6% (34/292) of soil samples, and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. IntermediateLeptospirawas present in 2.7% (8/292) of soil samples and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. SaprophyticLeptospirawas present in 10.3% (11/107) of rats, 1.4% (4/292) of soil samples, and 0.3% (1/324) of water samples. From this study, 76Leptospiraspp. were isolated. Based on DNA sequencing, the dominantLeptospiraspp. circulating in urban areas of Sarawak are pathogenicLeptospira noguchii, intermediateLeptospira wolffiiserovar Khorat, and saprophyticLeptospira meyeri, respectively. Overall, this study provided important surveillance data on the prevalence ofLeptospiraspp. from rats and the environment, with dominant local serovars in urban areas of Sarawak.

scholarly journals Distribution and Differential Survival of Traditional and Alternative Indicators of Fecal Pollution at Freshwater Beaches

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle D. Cloutier ◽  
Sandra L. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Volume Comparison ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Alternative indicators have been developed that can be used to identify host sources of fecal pollution, yet little is known about how their distribution and fate compare to traditional indicators. Escherichia coli and enterococci were widely distributed at the six beaches studied and were detected in almost 95% of water samples (n = 422) and 100% of sand samples (n = 400). Berm sand contained the largest amount of E. coli (P < 0.01), whereas levels of enterococci were highest in the backshore (P < 0.01). E. coli and enterococci were the lowest in water, using a weight-to-volume comparison. The gull-associated Catellicoccus marimammalium (Gull2) marker was found in over 80% of water samples, regardless of E. coli levels, and in 25% of sand samples. Human-associated Bacteroides (HB) and Lachnospiraceae (Lachno2) were detected in only 2.4% of water samples collected under baseflow and post-rain conditions but produced a robust signal after a combined sewage overflow, despite low E. coli concentrations. Burdens of E. coli and enterococci in water and sand were disproportionately high in relation to alternative indicators when comparing environmental samples to source material. In microcosm studies, Gull2, HB, and Lachno2 quantitative PCR (qPCR) signals were reduced twice as quickly as those from E. coli and enterococci and approximately 20% faster than signals from culturable E. coli. High concentrations of alternative indicators in source material illustrated their high sensitivity for the identification of fecal sources; however, differential survival and the potential for long-term persistence of traditional fecal indicators complicate the use of alternative indicator data to account for the levels of E. coli and enterococci in environmental samples. IMPORTANCE E. coli and enterococci are general indicators of fecal pollution and may persist in beach sand, making their use problematic for many applications. This study demonstrates that gull fecal pollution is widespread at Great Lakes beaches, whereas human and ruminant contamination is evident only after major rain events. An exploration of sand as a reservoir for indicators found that E. coli was ubiquitous, while gull host markers were detected in only 25% of samples. In situ sand beach microcosms provided decay rate constants for E. coli and enterococci relative to alternative indicators, which establish comparative benchmarks that would be helpful to distinguish recent from past pollution. Overall, alternative indicators are useful for identifying sources and assessing potentially high health risk contamination events; however, beach managers should be cautious in attempting to directly link their detection to the levels of E. coli or enterococci.

scholarly journals Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 7886-7893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayalkibet Hundesa ◽  
Carlos Maluquer de Motes ◽  
Silvia Bofill-Mas ◽  
Nestor Albinana-Gimenez ◽  
Rosina Girones
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Wastewater Samples

ABSTRACT The Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae families comprise a wide diversity of viruses which may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. In this study, a preliminary analysis of the prevalence in the environment and the potential usefulness as source-tracking tools of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses has been developed. Molecular assays based on PCR specifically targeting human adenoviruses (HAdV), porcine adenoviruses (PAdV), bovine adenoviruses (BAdV), and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) were applied to environmental samples including urban sewage, slaughterhouse, and river water samples. PAdV and BPyV were detected in a very high percentage of samples potentially affected by either porcine or bovine fecal contamination, respectively. However, BAdV were detected in only one sample, showing a lower prevalence than BPyV in the wastewater samples analyzed. The 22 slaughterhouse samples with fecal contamination of animal origin showed negative results for the presence of HAdV. The river water samples analyzed were positive for the presence of both human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, indicating the existence of diverse sources of contamination. The identities of the viruses detected were confirmed by analyses of the amplified sequences. All BPyV isolates showed a 97% similarity in nucleotide sequences. This is the first time that PAdV5, BAdV6, and BPyV have been reported to occur in environmental samples. Human and porcine adenoviruses and human and bovine polyomaviruses are proposed as tools for evaluating the presence of viral contamination and for tracking the origin of fecal/urine contamination in environmental samples.

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