scholarly journals Variations of Hawk Mimicry Traits in the Four Sympatric Cuculus Cuckoos

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Seo Go ◽  
Jin-Won Lee ◽  
Jeong-Chil Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Iris Color ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Avian Brood Parasitism

A well-known visual signal, hawk-like features such as yellow eyes and feet, and barred underparts have been recognized as coevolutionary traits obtained against host defense in Cuculus cuckoos. However, the variation of these traits within and among species remains poorly understood because empirical studies quantifying these traits are limited in terms of the number of studies and the number of species concerned, and mostly depend on museum collections. In this study, we quantified and compared these traits as well as other new features (e.g., inner wing spot and underpart background color) in the four sympatric Cuculus cuckoos (Cuculus poliocephalus, Cuculus micropterus, Cuculus optatus, and Cuculus canorus) that were wild-captured in South Korea. We found that the yellow color of the eye ring and feet was fairly consistent across the four species. However, the iris color appeared to vary within a species (e.g., between sexes) and varied more substantially among species from nearly black in C. micropterus to bright yellow in C. canorus. In addition, there were significant differences among species with respect to the thickness of the underpart bars, from the thinnest in C. canorus to the thickest in C. micropterus. We also found that the underpart color (pure white versus yellowish brown) and the number of inner wing spots varied within and among species. These results indicate that although hawk-like traits are widely present in Cuculus cuckoos, detailed quantitative features of these traits vary across species. We discuss the potential reasons that generate such variations and suggest future directions to increase our understanding of visual signals in avian brood parasitism.

Empirical Musical Imagery beyond the “Mind’s Ear”

2019 ◽  
pp. 444-463
Author(s):  
Freya Bailes
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Musical Imagery ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Auditory Experience ◽  
Kinesthetic Imagery

Freya Bailes deals with the topic of musical imagery, and she uses embodied cognition as a framework to argue that musical imagery is a multimodal experience. Existing empirical studies of musical imagery are reviewed and Bailes points to future directions for the study of musical imagery as an embodied-cognition phenomenon. Arguing that musical imagery can never be fully disembodied, Bailes moves beyond the idea of auditory imagery as merely a simulation of auditory experience by “the mind’s ear.” Instead, she outlines how imagining sounds involves kinesthetic imagery and she concludes that sound and music are always connected to sensory motor processing.

scholarly journals Can Social Desirability Be Detected Statistically at the Macro-Sociological Level?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter R. Schumm ◽  
◽  
Duane W. Crawford ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Same Sex Parents ◽  
Suppressor Variable

While a few have argued that social science has been subject to progressive biases, others have discounted such ideas. However, no one has yet performed empirical tests over a large range of studies for such possible bias, which we label macro-level social desirability (MLSD). Combining the results from fifty-nine empirical studies that assessed rates of nonheterosexuality among children of same-sex parents, we found that the higher the maximum rates reported, the less likely those reports were to have been cited in Google Scholar by counts or by annual rate, which may reflect MLSD. However, after several statistical controls, the association for counts became non-significant, while the association for rates became stronger, although the effect sizes were in a moderate (d = .28 or higher) to large range (d, up to .68) by either analysis. Generally, research quality acted as a suppressor variable for MLSD but was significantly related to both counts and rates of citations, indicating that higher quality articles were more likely to have been cited, even controlling for the number of years since first publication. Higher quality articles were slightly more likely to report higher rates of nonheterosexuality among children of same-sex parents. We discuss implications of our findings and suggest future directions of research.

Managing employees with chronic illness

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maninder Singh ◽  
P.S. James ◽  
Shirshendu Ganguli
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Human Resource Managers ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify future directions for human resource managers to provide work accommodations to chronically ill employees. Design/methodology/approach The authors researched empirical studies in management, occupational health journals, and reports on chronically ill employees. Findings The paper provides research-based practical insights for human resource practitioners to deal with the growing number of chronically ill employees. Practical implications The paper highlights solutions for human resource managers to create an inclusive workplace for employees with chronic illness. Originality/value The authors identified effective human resource and health practices for chronically ill employees, which would help to increase their productivity.

scholarly journals Visual signal evolution along complementary color axes in four bird lineages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Krishnan ◽  
Avehi Singh ◽  
Krishnapriya Tamma
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Complementary Color

AbstractAnimal color patterns function in varied behavioral contexts including recognition, camouflage and even thermoregulation. The diversity of visual signals may be constrained by various factors, for example, dietary factors, and the composition of ambient environmental light (sensory drive). How have high-contrast and diverse signals evolved within these constraints? In four bird lineages, we present evidence that plumage colors cluster along a line in tetrachromatic color space. Additionally, we present evidence that this line represents complementary colors, which are defined as opposite sides of a line passing through the achromatic point (putatively for higher chromatic contrast). Finally, we present evidence that interspecific color variation over at least some regions of the body is not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness. Thus, we hypothesize that species-specific plumage patterns within these bird lineages evolve by swapping the distributions of a complementary color pair (or dark and light patches in one group, putatively representing an achromatic complementary axis). The relative role of chromatic and achromatic contrasts in discrimination may depend on the environment that each species inhabits.

Elder Abuse and Consent Capacity

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sexual Relations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Capacity To Consent ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes

This chapter explores the findings of theoretical and empirical studies for the complicated construct of capacity to consent to sexual relations in elders. This is alongside an attempt to clarify through small-scale research, the knowledge and attitudes towards consent capacity as reported by elders themselves. Results indicate that Greek respondents are not fully informed about consent capacity and approach this topic as a taboo. Moreover, they believe that the Greek society and state do not provide adequate prevention programs. Future directions on how to make elders and their family members aware of consent capacity problems are discussed.

scholarly journals A case for environmental statistics of early-life effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1770) ◽  
pp. 20180110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem E. Frankenhuis ◽  
Daniel Nettle ◽  
Sasha R. X. Dall
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Evolutionary Medicine ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Environmental Statistics ◽  
Cue Reliability

There is enduring debate over the question of which early-life effects are adaptive and which ones are not. Mathematical modelling shows that early-life effects can be adaptive in environments that have particular statistical properties, such as reliable cues to current conditions and high autocorrelation of environmental states. However, few empirical studies have measured these properties, leading to an impasse. Progress, therefore, depends on research that quantifies cue reliability and autocorrelation of environmental parameters in real environments. These statistics may be different for social and non-social aspects of the environment. In this paper, we summarize evolutionary models of early-life effects. Then, we discuss empirical data on environmental statistics from a range of disciplines. We highlight cases where data on environmental statistics have been used to test competing explanations of early-life effects. We conclude by providing guidelines for new data collection and reflections on future directions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine'.

Contributions and Future Directions of Software Reviews

2011 ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Yuk Kuen Wong
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Software Reviews ◽  
Industry Survey

This chapter presents theoretical and methodological contributions. It also addresses the limitations of the empirical studies (i.e., industry survey and case study). Discussions of future research are presented in the final section of this chapter.

Differentiating between Leadership Competencies and Styles

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaz Ahmed ◽  
Noor Azmi bin Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Leadership Competencies ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Task Oriented

Literature reveals a number of confusions within the area of project management regarding the use of terminology and differing interpretations, concerning leadership competencies and leadership styles. In project management literature, many empirical studies have examined the influence of leadership competencies or styles, but yet any substantial review study has rarely been conducted to differentiate between leadership competencies and styles. This study aims to differentiate between leadership competencies and leadership styles in project management literature. This study found that the project manager's leadership terms including competence, competency, competencies, and styles have frequently been used in project management literature. Furthermore, literature has been synthesized to provide more familiarity and understanding on leadership competencies and styles. Findings indicate that leadership competencies and styles are two different things but a few characteristics are common between both the terms. Furthermore, leadership competencies are more suitable for task-oriented activities and leadership styles are more appropriate for relationship-oriented factors. This study has implications for the future directions to identify differences between project manger's average and superior performance through comparison of leadership competencies and styles.

Adapting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Target Intimate Partner Violence

Partner Abuse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-465
Author(s):  
Kathleen W. Reardon ◽  
Erika Lawrence ◽  
Callie Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Commitment Therapy ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
Initial Support

Interventions for men who perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) have historically been relatively ineffective at reducing or stopping subsequent IPV. However, there are several strong theoretical reasons that suggest Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an intervention that emphasizes the use of mindfulness and aims to foster psychological flexibility, may be particularly well-suited to interrupting the factors that maintain IPV. The goal of the present article is to review the evidence for the application of ACT to target IPV. In addition, empirical studies that have, to date, shown promising initial support for a targeted intervention (Achieving Change Through Values-Based Behavior; ACTV) are reviewed. The implications for using ACT-based skills with perpetrators of IPV are discussed, along with potential future directions and further applications of ACT to hard-to-treat populations.

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