scholarly journals Forest Health in Italy: Learning From the Xylella Incursion

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Vettraino ◽  
Alberto Santini
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Current System ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Open Door ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Forest Pathogens ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Italy has an increasing part of its territory covered by forest, particularly prone to invasion by invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) owing to the presence of many different habitats and climates. To be effective, any preventive or management tools to prevent the arrival and establishment of IFPs must be included in the framework of phytosanitary legislation. The European Union has an open-door phytosanitary system meaning that any consignment that is not specifically regulated can enter. Increasing evidence of the limitations and subsequent gaps in biosecurity with the current system. Learning from the recent outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa, we provide comments and suggestions to fill the gaps and improve the phytosanitary system in Italy.

Proposal for a more efficient subsidy system for organic farming: Potential use of the tax system within the European Union

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enno Bahrs
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Current System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAgricultural enterprises that are run on ecological principles receive, in some countries, higher levels of financial support from the European Union (EU) than other agricultural businesses. The aim is to provide an incentive for businesses to adopt organic farming systems, a change desired by both politicians and society. However, with a fixed system of support payments based on land area, increasing the proportion of farms being run organically leads directly to higher costs of subsidies for the EU and the individual countries. This becomes especially true if enterprises with large land areas, high turnover and high income are converted to organic farming methods. Because financial resources within the member states are in very short supply, a modification of the current system of subsidies would seem to be necessary in the near future. The aim of any new system should be to reduce profit windfalls without making a drastic reduction in the incentive effect of the current system. At the same time, businesses that can run along these lines on a sustainable basis should be especially supported. This requires an increased level of individual assessment of the potential of the subsidized enterprises in relation to their cost–performance ratio for organic agricultural production. In this connection, a partial change to profit-based tax systems can be used as an effective instrument for co-financing. The method used to calculate profits for tax purposes, which varies from state to state, can be used to assess the performance and success of the organic farmer. Tax-free allowances or reductions in tax rates could be used to provide a selective subsidy method. The ability to relate subsidies to performance, thereby reducing windfall profits, is not the only advantage of using the tax system for this purpose. Another advantage is the low transaction costs. Using the example of the offsetting of profits between time periods, it will be shown here that the tax system can be used as an additional instrument for subsidization. The existing methods of subsidy can only be supported in this way, not completely substituted.

scholarly journals Psichikos negalią turinčių asmenų globa Lietuvoje: priklausomybė nuo paveldėtos paslaugų teikimo kultūros

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dainius Pūras ◽  
Eglė Šumskienė
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Community Care ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Current System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Residential Institutions

Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Psichiatrijos klinikaVasaros g. 5, tel. (+370 5) 261 10 43. El. paštas: [email protected] universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, Tel. (+370 5) 266 76 10. El. paštas: [email protected]  Straipsnyje nagrinėjama sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų globa didelėse uždarose stacionariose globos įstaigose. Iki Sovietų Sąjungos žlugimo šios įstaigos ne tik globojo, bet ir izoliavo sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto individus. Tvirtas šių įstaigų pozicijas to meto socialinės apsaugos sistemoje lėmė ideologinės priežastys, dominuojantis defektologijos mokslas, sukurta materialinė ir teisinė bazė, neigiamas visuomenės nusistatymas sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų atžvilgiu. Žlugus Sovietų Sąjungai, stacionarios globos sistema pasirodė esanti ypač atspari permainoms – ji ne tik atsilaikė prieš bandymus veiksmingai transformuoti, bet ir sulaukė investicijų iš Europos Sąjungos fondų. Atkūrus Nepriklausomybę įvykusios permainos – darbuotojų mokymai, pastatų rekonstrukcija, paslaugų įvairovės didinimas – neatnešė institucinės kultūros, atskirties tradicijos permainų ir tik sustiprino stacionarios globos institucijų padėtį.Tai sudarė prielaidas Lietuvoje susiformuoti unikaliam sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų globos būdui, kurį galima įvardyti kaip visuomenės ir valstybės raidai nepalankią ydingo sovietinio paveldo ir atsirinktų ES paramos bei vertybių kombinaciją.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: stacionari globa, psichikos ir intelekto sutrikimai, Europos Sąjunga, ideologija.Care for persons with memental disability: dependency on inherited culture of srevicesDainius Pūras, Eglė Šumskienė SummaryGoal of this article is to identify main obstacles while transforming Lithuanian system of residential care for persons with mental and intellectual disabilities from repressive and isolating Soviet tradition to individualised community care. During the Soviet times the goal of large residential institutions was to take physical care after individuals with mental and intellectual disabilities as well as to isolate them from the rest of the society. These institutions were deeply anchored in the Soviet system of social assistance, based on the principles of defectology and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental health problems. After collapse of the Soviet Union this system appeared to be eminently resistant to reforms: it withstood attempts of transformation and even managed to receive investments from the European Union structural funds thus strengthening the positions of large residential institutions over modern community care. More than two decades of investments in training of staff, reconstruction of buildings, modernisation of services and other components of mental health services in Lithuania have not resulted in the change of paradigm, as institutional culture and tradition of exclusion remains still very strong.Thus, current system of care for persons with mental and intellectual disabilities in Lithuania can be defined as a combination of strong effects of former Soviet system and selectively chosen components of modern mental health policy and services.Key words: residential care, intellectual and mental disabilities, European Union, ideology.

MIGRANT CRISIS: OPEN DOOR POLICY ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Stivani Ismawira Sinambela
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Open Door ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
The North ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Eu

This paper aims to explain migrant crisis that happen in Germany because Open Door Policy implemented by Germany under governmental Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2015. Since, Germany has issued various policies that serve as protection regime in dealing with migrant. In its application, it is ineffective until cause in significant and different impacts in every aspect since. Implementation of Open Door Policy to deal with the migrant crisis that occurred at Europe, a new hope in Germany to boost Germany's positive image. The conclusions obtained in the analysis of this study that some Germans hope this positive image will help remove some stains in the past against Germany reputation. Germany has become home to migrants where Germany once made hundreds of thousands of people migrants. Germany appears to have drastically curtailed its open-door policy for migrants. therefore Open-door policy has resulted in the disintegration of countries in the EU region. There are four risks that will be experienced by the European Union, namely the north-south divide on migrants by rethinking and suspension of the agreement called the Schengen system. This study uses literature study as a method and in the data analysis uses descriptive qualitative.

The World Experience of Describing and Accounting of Real Estate Objects

2006 ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
M. Mishustin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Management Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
State Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Experience

Real estate cadastre is considered in the article in the context of interaction with state management tools. Benefits of cadastre usage are illustrated with developed countries practice. The author analyzes the cadastre management process and technologies, estimates quality and quantity criteria proposed by modern experience of various countries. Main tendencies of the world cadastre development arise from the European Union cadastres specifics. Characteristics of real estate objects registration in developed countries and in Russia are compared.

Disintegration of the European Asylum Systems: A Featuring Attempt

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-573
Author(s):  
Hélène Syed Zwick
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Refugee Policy ◽  
Open Door ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Path ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Immigration Legislation ◽  
Third Country Nationals

This study assesses the integration path of national asylum systems within the European Union between 2008 and 2017. We apply factor and cluster analyses using ten European harmonised indicators on asylum, managed migration and immigration legislation enforcement. Our results are threefold: first, the disintegration of the European asylum systems started in 2012, three years before the mediatisation of the so-called refugee crisis. Second, this disintegration is rooted in Germany’s open-door refugee policy on one side, and excessive repressive policies on the borders in Italy, France, Spain and Poland. Third, the number of applications and the number of third-country nationals found to be illegally present or ordered to leave do not appear as roots of disintegration.

scholarly journals Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, and the European Union

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Tallberg
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Temporal Phenomenon ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Coercive Strategy ◽  
The Eu

The contemporary debate on compliance has been framed in terms of two contending perspectives on how best to make states comply with international rules: enforcement or management. Whereas enforcement theorists stress a coercive strategy of monitoring and sanctions, management theorists embrace a problem-solving approach based on capacity building, rule interpretation, and transparency. In this article, I challenge the conception that enforcement and management are competing strategies for achieving compliance. Based on the case of the European Union (EU) and a comparison with other international regimes, I suggest that enforcement and management mechanisms are most effective when combined. The twinning of cooperative and coercive instruments in a “management-enforcement ladder” makes the EU highly successful in combating violations, thus reducing non-compliance to a temporal phenomenon. An examination of regimes in the areas of trade, environment, and human rights lends additional support to this proposition; compliance systems that offer both forms of mechanism are particularly effective in securing rule conformance, whereas systems that only rely on one of the strategies suffer in identifiable ways.

scholarly journals Legitimacy Issues in Investor-Treaty Arbitration and How a Permanent Court May Be the Best Solution

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Hasanali Pirbhai
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Current System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Trade And Investment

Investor-treaty dispute settlement is used by States and investors to resolve disagreements that investors may have with regard to their investment in the host state. Disputes are usually resolved through arbitration, and the process has all the trappings of general commercial arbitration. However, there have been calls for the system to be replaced by a permanent court structure. If a permanent court is the next step, this must mean that the current system has legitimacy issues which may be resolved by a permanent structure.This article explores three problems with the current system: inconsistent decisions, lack of appeals, and lack of transparency. These are serious issues which affect the legitimacy of the current system. The discussion focuses primarily on the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) system as this is the most common choice, and some mention is made of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) system. Throughout the article, I analyse the problems associated with these and how a permanent court may address these legitimacy issues. My argument is that a permanent court can weed out inconsistent decisions, have a fair and real appeals structure, and be sufficiently transparent as to as to allow or facilitate interested groups to act as amicus curiae. The discussion makes reference to the draft Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) because, through this, the European Union (EU) has proposed a potential permanent court structure.

scholarly journals THE QUESTION ON THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION’S NEW INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Brockova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Current System ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Dispute Settlement System ◽  
Investment Agreements

The system of resolving international investment disputes has been subjected to intense criticism from the professional and lay public in recent decades. The lack of transparency, predictability, coherence of arbitration awards and legitimacy of the investment arbitration system has led to an increase in efforts to reform the existing system. The European Union is not only one of the most vocal critics of the current system, but also one of its most active reformers. Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the European Union has acquired exclusive competence in the realm of foreign direct investment as part of the common commercial policy. From that moment on, the European Commission began negotiating free trade agreements, many of which also include investment chapters. The most important ones are the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement concluded between the European Union and Canada (2016), Agreement on Investment between the European Union and Singapore (2018), Agreement on Investment between the European Union and Vietnam (2019), as well as the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment between the European Union and People’s Republic of China, which has been agreed in principle at the end of 2020, even though the agreement has not yet been formally signed. In these treaties the European Union seeks to push for reform steps leading to the adjustment of the system for resolving international investment disputes in that they introduce a new system of investment courts that will gradually lead to the establishment of the multilateral investment court with the option of appeal at an appellate instance. This would undoubtedly increase the credibility, legitimacy and transparency of the entire system of internatnional investment dispute settlement. This paper aims to summarize, on the basis of an analysis of the relevant provisions of the trade and investment agreements concluded by the European Union over the last decade, the practical progress made by the European Union in reforming the international investment dispute settlement system. Since none of these treaties has become fully effective yet due to the lacking ratification of all EU member states, it will take several more years before we see full practical implementation of the discussed provisions.

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