scholarly journals First Record of Fungal Diversity in the Tropical and Warm-Temperate Middle Miocene Climate Optimum Forests of Eurasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid C. Romero ◽  
Noelia B. Nuñez Otaño ◽  
Martha E. Gibson ◽  
Tyler M. Spears ◽  
C. Jolene Fairchild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

The middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) was the warmest interval of the last 23 million years and is one of the best analogs for proposed future climate change scenarios. Fungi play a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle as dominant decomposers of plant debris, and through their interactions with plants and other organisms as symbionts, parasites, and endobionts. Thus, their study in the fossil record, especially during the MMCO, is essential to better understand biodiversity changes and terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics in past analogous environments, as well as to model future ecological and climatic scenarios. The fossil record also offers a unique long-term, large-scale dataset to evaluate fungal assemblage dynamics across long temporal and spatial scales, providing a better understanding of how ecological factors influenced assemblage development through time. In this study, we assessed the fungal diversity and community composition recorded in two geological sections from the middle Miocene from the coal mines of Thailand and Slovakia. We used presence-absence data to quantify the fungal diversity of each locality. Spores and other fungal remains were identified to modern taxa whenever possible; laboratory codes and fossil names were used when this correlation was not possible. This study represents the first of its kind for Thailand, and it expands existing work from Slovakia. Our results indicate a total of 281 morphotaxa. This work will allow us to use modern ecological data to make inferences about ecosystem characteristics and community dynamics for the studied regions. It opens new horizons for the study of past fungal diversity based on modern fungal ecological analyses. It also sheds light on how global variations in fungal species richness and community composition were affected by different climatic conditions and under rapid increases of temperature in the past to make inferences for the near climatic future.

scholarly journals Effect of increasing CO2 on the terrestrial carbon cycle

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schimel ◽  
Britton B. Stephens ◽  
Joshua B. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Model Diagnostics ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
New Space ◽  
Improved Model

Feedbacks from the terrestrial carbon cycle significantly affect future climate change. The CO2 concentration dependence of global terrestrial carbon storage is one of the largest and most uncertain feedbacks. Theory predicts the CO2 effect should have a tropical maximum, but a large terrestrial sink has been contradicted by analyses of atmospheric CO2 that do not show large tropical uptake. Our results, however, show significant tropical uptake and, combining tropical and extratropical fluxes, suggest that up to 60% of the present-day terrestrial sink is caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. This conclusion is consistent with a validated subset of atmospheric analyses, but uncertainty remains. Improved model diagnostics and new space-based observations can reduce the uncertainty of tropical and temperate zone carbon flux estimates. This analysis supports a significant feedback to future atmospheric CO2 concentrations from carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems caused by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This feedback will have substantial tropical contributions, but the magnitude of future carbon uptake by tropical forests also depends on how they respond to climate change and requires their protection from deforestation.

scholarly journals Rate my data: quantifying the value of ecological data for the development of models of the terrestrial carbon cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor F. Keenan ◽  
Eric A. Davidson ◽  
J. William Munger ◽  
Andrew D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

scholarly journals The African contribution to the global climate-carbon cycle feedback of the 21st century

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Friedlingstein ◽  
P. Cadule ◽  
S. L. Piao ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
S. Sitch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Balances

Abstract. Future climate change will have impact on global and regional terrestrial carbon balances. The fate of African tropical forests over the 21st century has been investigated through global coupled climate carbon cycle model simulations. Under the SRES-A2 socio-economic CO2 emission scenario of the IPCC, and using the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace coupled ocean-terrestrial carbon cycle and climate model, IPSL-CM4-LOOP, we found that the warming over African ecosystems induces a reduction of net ecosystem productivity, making a 38% contribution to the global climate-carbon cycle positive feedback. Most of this contribution comes from African grasslands, followed by African savannahs, African tropical forest contributing little to the global climate-carbon feedback. However, the vulnerability of the African rainforest ecosystem is quite large. In contrast, the Amazon forest, despite its lower vulnerability, has a much larger overall contribution due to its 6 times larger extent.

Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Dynamics under Recent and Future Climate Change

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Damon Matthews ◽  
Andrew J. Weaver ◽  
Katrin J. Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
First Century ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract The behavior of the terrestrial carbon cycle under historical and future climate change is examined using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, now coupled to a dynamic terrestrial vegetation and global carbon cycle model. When forced by historical emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels and land-use change, the coupled climate–carbon cycle model accurately reproduces historical atmospheric CO2 trends, as well as terrestrial and oceanic uptake for the past two decades. Under six twenty-first-century CO2 emissions scenarios, both terrestrial and oceanic carbon sinks continue to increase, though terrestrial uptake slows in the latter half of the century. Climate–carbon cycle feedbacks are isolated by comparing a coupled model run with a run where climate and the carbon cycle are uncoupled. The modeled positive feedback between the carbon cycle and climate is found to be relatively small, resulting in an increase in simulated CO2 of 60 ppmv at the year 2100. Including non-CO2 greenhouse gas forcing and increasing the model’s climate sensitivity increase the effect of this feedback to 140 ppmv. The UVic model does not, however, simulate a switch from a terrestrial carbon sink to a source during the twenty-first century, as earlier studies have suggested. This can be explained by a lack of substantial reductions in simulated vegetation productivity due to climate changes.

scholarly journals Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 064023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Quesada ◽  
Almut Arneth ◽  
Eddy Robertson ◽  
Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Anthropogenic Land Use

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial carbon cycle during the 20th century

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilong Piao ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Pierre Friedlingstein ◽  
Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré ◽  
Patricia Cadule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: Systematic Earth observations for use in terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Scholze ◽  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
Wouter Dorigo ◽  
Luis Guanter ◽  
Shaun Quegan
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. The global carbon cycle is an important component of the Earth system and it interacts with the hydrological, energy and nutrient cycles as well as ecosystem dynamics. A better understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for improved projections of climate change including corresponding changes in water and food resources and for the verification 5 of measures to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. An improved understanding of the carbon cycle can be achieved by model-data fusion or data assimilation systems, which integrate observations relevant to the carbon cycle into coupled carbon, water, energy and nutrient models. Hence, the ingredients for such systems are a carbon cycle model, an algorithm for the assimilation, and systematic and 10 well error-characterized observations relevant to the carbon cycle. Relevant observations for assimilation include various in-situ measurements in the atmosphere (e.g. concentrations of CO2 and other gases) and on land (e.g. fluxes of carbon water and energy, carbon stocks) as well as remote sensing observations (e.g. atmospheric composition, vegetation and surface properties).We briefly review the different existing data assimilation techniques and contrast them to model 15 benchmarking and evaluation efforts (which also rely on observations). A common requirement for all assimilation techniques is a full description of the observational data properties. Uncertainty estimates of the observations are as important as the observations themselves because they similarly determine the outcome of such assimilation systems. Hence, this article reviews the requirements of data assimilation systems on observations and provides a non-exhaustive overview of current 20 observations and their uncertainties for use in terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation. We report on progress since the review of model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observations by Raupach et al. (2005) emphasising the rapid advance in relevant space-based observations.

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