scholarly journals Autophagy and Host Defense in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanta Silwal ◽  
In Soo Kim ◽  
Eun-Kyeong Jo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Causal Pathogen

Autophagy is critically involved in host defense pathways through targeting and elimination of numerous pathogens via autophagic machinery. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) are ubiquitous microbes, have become increasingly prevalent, and are emerging as clinically important strains due to drug-resistant issues. Compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causal pathogen for human tuberculosis, the roles of autophagy remain largely uncharacterized in the context of a variety of NTM infections. Compelling evidence suggests that host autophagy activation plays an essential role in the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and controlling pathological inflammation against various NTM infections. As similar to Mtb, it is believed that NTM bacteria evolve multiple strategies to manipulate and hijack host autophagy pathways. Despite this, we are just beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between pathogen and the host autophagy system in a battle with NTM bacteria. In this review, we will explore the function of autophagy, which is involved in shaping host–pathogen interaction and disease outcomes during NTM infections. These efforts will lead to the development of autophagy-based host-directed therapeutics against NTM infection.

scholarly journals Diagnostic delay of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Jing ◽  
Wanming Tan ◽  
Yunfeng Deng ◽  
Dachuan Gao ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Rural Patients

Background: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is an emerging, but neglected public health concern in China. Findings: To investigate diagnostic delay of NTM diseases in China, we analyzed 91 patients with pulmonary NTM infection in Shandong Province. The median diagnostic delay time of the analyzed patients was 84 days, which was significantly associated with rural inhabitance (135 days vs. 73 days of urban inhabitance, p < 0.01) and lower level of first visiting hospitals/clinics (70 and 82 days of tertiary and secondary hospitals/clinics respectively vs. 120 days of primary hospitals/clinics, p < 0.05). M. farcinogenes was isolated from a 79-year-old male patient, which is the first report of pulmonary infection in humans. Conclusions: Our results indicate a significant diagnostic delay of NTM diseases in China, especially for rural patients with limited access to higher-level healthcare services.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection after Cosmetic Tattooing: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-382
Author(s):  
Jennifer Seyffert ◽  
Christopher Wong ◽  
Sadia Saeed ◽  
David Fitzmaurice
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Punch Biopsy ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Papular Eruption ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Hispanic Male ◽  
Suppurative Inflammation

Nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria rarely cause skin and soft tissue infections. Tattooing with contaminated gray ink has been implicated in previously reported outbreaks. We report the case of a 39-year-old Hispanic male who presented with a refractory, pruritic, papular eruption within the distribution of his tattoo with punch biopsy demonstrating papillary dermal granulomatous and suppurative inflammation surrounding small collections of acid-fast bacilli with associated superficial and deep dermal perivascular lymphatic inflammation, consistent with nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Although uncommon, clinicians should consider nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the differential diagnosis of refractory tattoo-associated skin eruptions.

scholarly journals NOD1-Mediated Mucosal Host Defense againstHelicobacter pylori

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Watanabe ◽  
Naoki Asano ◽  
Atsushi Kitani ◽  
Ivan J. Fuss ◽  
Tsutomu Chiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gastric Epithelial Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Oligomerization Domain

Infection of the stomach withHelicobacter pyloriis an important risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Although it has been well established that persistent colonization byH. pyloriis associated with adaptive Th1 responses, the innate immune responses leading to these Th1 responses are poorly defined. Recent studies have shown that the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in gastric epithelial cells plays an important role in innate immune responses againstH. pylori. The detection ofH. pylori-derived ligands by cytosolic NOD1 induces several host defense factors, including antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. In this paper, we review the molecular mechanisms by which NOD1 contributes to mucosal host defense againstH. pyloriinfection of the stomach.

scholarly journals Anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy for anti–IFN-γ autoantibody–associated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (17) ◽  
pp. 3933-3939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Browne ◽  
Rifat Zaman ◽  
Elizabeth P. Sampaio ◽  
Kamonwan Jutivorakool ◽  
Lindsey B. Rosen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
First Year ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Refractory Disease ◽  
Disease Remission ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Cd20

Abstract Patients with anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies have impaired IFN-γ signaling, leading to severe disseminated infections with intracellular pathogens, especially nontuberculous mycobacteria. Disease may be severe and progressive, despite aggressive treatment. To address the underlying pathogenic IFN-γ autoantibodies we used the therapeutic monoclonal rituximab (anti-CD20) to target patient B cells. All subjects received between 8 and 12 doses of rituximab within the first year to maintain disease remission. Subsequent doses were given for relapsed infection. We report 4 patients with refractory disease treated with rituximab who had clinical and laboratory evidence of therapeutic response as determined by clearance of infection, resolution of inflammation, reduction of anti–IFN-γ autoantibody levels, and improved IFN-γ signaling.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Helper T Cell Capacity for TH1 and TH17 Differentiation in Children With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (11) ◽  
pp. 1843-1847
Author(s):  
Tiffany A Claeys ◽  
Oscar Rosas Mejia ◽  
Samuel Marshall ◽  
Jason A Jarzembowski ◽  
Don Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Th17 Differentiation

Abstract Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infect children with increasing frequency worldwide. Using blood and lymph node tissue from children with NTM lymphadenitis, and uninfected lymph node tissue from community controls, we evaluated helper T (TH) cells in functional assays of TH1/TH17 differentiation and measured the concentration of their associated cytokines at the site of infection. Circulating TH cells from infected children were attenuated in their TH1/TH17 differentiation capacity and expressed less interferon γ and interleukin 17 after polyclonal stimulation. Similar differences were observed at the site of infection, where most cytokine concentrations were unchanged relative to controls. Our data are consistent with a model wherein TH1/TH17 differentiation is attenuated in NTM-infected children.

scholarly journals Autophagy in Macrophages: Impacting Inflammation and Bacterial Infection

Scientifica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Vural ◽  
John H. Kehrl
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Macrophages are on the front line of host defense. They possess an array of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors/sensors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which activate downstream effectors/pathways to help mediate innate immune responses and host defense. Innate immune responses include the rapid induction of transcriptional networks that trigger the production of cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxic molecules; the mobilization of cells including neutrophils and other leukocytes; the engulfment of pathogens by phagocytosis and their delivery to lysosome for degradation; and the induction of autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic process that normally maintains cellular homeostasis in a lysosome-dependent manner, but it also functions as a cytoprotective response that intersects with a variety of general stress-response pathways. This review focuses on the intimately linked molecular mechanisms that help govern the autophagic pathway and macrophage innate immune responses.

Disseminated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in Two Children with Different Immune Responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Montague ◽  
Robert E. Garola ◽  
Iván González ◽  
Maria D. Bastos ◽  
Maria M. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection

scholarly journals A Case of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection on Branchial Cleft Cyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 522-525
Author(s):  
Yu Jin Go ◽  
Sohl Park ◽  
Han Su Kim ◽  
Soo Yeon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Branchial Cleft Cyst ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Pathologic Findings ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Branchial Cleft ◽  
Cervical Area

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is commonly found in the surrounding environment and can cause opportunistic infection. Mainly, it causes lymph node infection in the cervical area, which is often known to occur in children. Recently, we have experienced a case of NTM infection on a branchial cleft cyst in a 36-year old male. NTM was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration and branchial cleft cyst was confirmed by postoperative pathologic findings. We report this case with a review of literature.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF СOVID-19, SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND THE DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
A.A. Korenkova ◽  
◽  
E.M. Mayorova ◽  
V.V. Bahmetjev ◽  
M.V. Tretyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection has posed a major public health challenge around the world, but new data on the disease raises more questions than answers. The lack of optimal therapy is a significant problem. The article examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, special attention is paid to features of pathological processes and immune responses in children. COVID-19 leads to a wide diversity of negative outcomes, many of which can persist for at least months. Many of the consequences have yet to be identified. SARS-CoV-2 may provoke autoimmune reactions. Reinfection, herd immunity, vaccines and other prevention measures are also discussed in this review.

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