scholarly journals Human Brain Organoids as an In Vitro Model System of Viral Infectious Diseases

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Su ◽  
Peng Yue ◽  
Jing Kong ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Relationship

Brain organoids, or brainoids, have shown great promise in the study of central nervous system (CNS) infection. Modeling Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in brain organoids may help elucidate the relationship between ZIKV infection and microcephaly. Brain organoids have been used to study the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HSV-1, and other viral infections of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the advances in the development of viral infection models in brain organoids and their potential application for exploring mechanisms of viral infections of the CNS and in new drug development. The existing limitations are further discussed and the prospects for the development and application of brain organs are prospected.

scholarly journals LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert R. Morgan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Model System ◽  
Latent Viral Infection ◽  
Active Multiplication ◽  
Cell Nutrition ◽  
In Vitro Model System ◽  
Vitro Model

Chick embryo tissues maintained for from 11 to 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution lost their capacity to support the multiplication of psittacosis virus. The virus however infected such cells, as active multiplication of the virus occurred on the addition of beef embryo extract to this nutritionally poor medium at any period up to 28 days of cultivation in balanced salt solution. The virus remained in a state of latency for as long as 15 days in these starved cells in a non-infectious phase. These results obtained in this in vitro model system for the investigation of latent infections of cells with psittacosis virus suggest that cell nutrition as well as an alteration in the immunological defenses of the host may prove to be an important factor in the activation of latent viral infections.

A Human 3D In Vitro Model to Assess the Relationship Between Osteoporosis and Dissemination to Bone of Breast Cancer Tumor Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (7) ◽  
pp. 1826-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Salamanna ◽  
Veronica Borsari ◽  
Silvia Brogini ◽  
Paola Torricelli ◽  
Simona Cepollaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
3D In Vitro Model ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Relationship

The influence of downstream arterial perfusion parameters on Doppler pulsatility index and resistance index in an in-vitro perfusion model

VASA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schmidt ◽  
Ockert ◽  
Deußen ◽  
Schellong
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Pulsatility Index ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
In Vitro Perfusion ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Relationship

Background: To investigate in vitro how downstream perfusion parameters influence pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and their constituting Doppler velocities. Materials and methods: We analyzed the influence of resistance, compliance, reflection coefficient and input impedance on PI and RI in an in-vitro model of arterial flow. Results: The nominators of PI and RI were determined by resistance. The numerators were determined by compliance and by the reflection coefficient. There were close relationships of PI and RI with resistance under the condition of constant compliance, but not when compliance was variable. Conclusion: PI and RI consist of velocity terms which are independently influenced by different parameters of impedance: compliance, reflection coefficient and resistance. These findings explain the contradictory results reported for the relationship between the indices and peripheral resistance in studies where compliance and reflection effects were not considered.

scholarly journals Primary Cell Model for Activation-Inducible Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 7424-7434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Burke ◽  
Helen J. Brown ◽  
Matthew D. Marsden ◽  
Gregory Bristol ◽  
Dimitrios N. Vatakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Viral Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Reporter Activity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vitro Model

ABSTRACT Quiescent T lymphocytes containing latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provide a long-lived viral reservoir. This reservoir may be the source of active infection that is reinitiated following the cessation of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in latent infection to develop new strategies to eliminate the latent HIV reservoir. We have previously demonstrated that latently infected quiescent lymphocytes can be generated during thymopoiesis in vivo in the SCID-hu mouse system. However, there is still a pressing need for an in vitro model of HIV latency in primary human cells. Here, we present a novel in vitro model that recapitulates key aspects of dormant HIV infection. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein-luciferase fusion protein-containing reporter virus, we have generated a stable infection in primary human CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes in the absence of viral gene expression. T-cell activation induces a >200-fold induction of reporter activity. The induced reporter activity originates from a fully reverse-transcribed and integrated genome. We further demonstrate that this model can be useful to study long terminal repeat regulation, as previously characterized NF-κB response element mutations decrease the activation of viral gene expression. This model can therefore be used to study intricate molecular aspects of activation-inducible HIV infection in primary cells.

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