scholarly journals Gill Transcriptomic Responses to Toxin-producing Alga Prymnesium parvum in Rainbow Trout

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morag Clinton ◽  
Elżbieta Król ◽  
Dagoberto Sepúlveda ◽  
Nikolaj R. Andersen ◽  
Andrew S. Brierley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Transcriptomic Responses

The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes, including protection of the mucosal gill surface against pathogens and other environmental antigens by the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). Climate change associated phenomena, such as increasing frequency and magnitude of harmful algal blooms (HABs) put extra strain on gill function, contributing to enhanced fish mortality and fish kills. However, the molecular basis of the HAB-induced gill injury remains largely unknown due to the lack of high-throughput transcriptomic studies performed on teleost fish in laboratory conditions. We used juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to investigate the transcriptomic responses of the gill tissue to two (high and low) sublethal densities of the toxin-producing alga Prymnesium parvum, in relation to non-exposed control fish. The exposure time to P. parvum (4–5 h) was sufficient to identify three different phenotypic responses among the exposed fish, enabling us to focus on the common gill transcriptomic responses to P. parvum that were independent of dose and phenotype. The inspection of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), canonical pathways, upstream regulators and downstream effects pointed towards P. parvum-induced inflammatory response and gill inflammation driven by alterations of Acute Phase Response Signalling, IL-6 Signalling, IL-10 Signalling, Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response, IL-8 Signalling and IL-17 Signalling pathways. While we could not determine if the inferred gill inflammation was progressing or resolving, our study clearly suggests that P. parvum blooms may contribute to the serious gill disorders in fish. By providing insights into the gill transcriptomic responses to toxin-producing P. parvum in teleost fish, our research opens new avenues for investigating how to monitor and mitigate toxicity of HABs before they become lethal.

scholarly journals Insights into toxic Prymnesium parvum blooms: the role of sugars and algal viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. Wagstaff ◽  
Edward S. Hems ◽  
Martin Rejzek ◽  
Jennifer Pratscher ◽  
Elliot Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Fish Kill ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Norfolk Broads

Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing microalga that causes harmful algal blooms globally, which often result in large-scale fish kills that have severe ecological and economic implications. Although many toxins have previously been isolated from P. parvum, ambiguity still surrounds the responsible ichthyotoxins in P. parvum blooms and the biotic and abiotic factors that promote bloom toxicity. A major fish kill attributed to P. parvum occurred in Spring 2015 on the Norfolk Broads, a low-lying set of channels and lakes (Broads) found on the East of England. Here, we discuss how water samples taken during this bloom have led to diverse scientific advances ranging from toxin analysis to discovery of a new lytic virus of P. parvum, P. parvum DNA virus (PpDNAV-BW1). Taking recent literature into account, we propose key roles for sialic acids in this type of viral infection. Finally, we discuss recent practical detection and management strategies for controlling these devastating blooms.

Anticipated human population and climate change effects on algal blooms of a toxic haptophyte in the south-central USA1This article is derived from a special session entitled “A New Hydrology: Inflow Effects on Ecosystem Form and Functioning” that took place at the February 2011 ASLO Aquatic Sciences conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Roelke ◽  
Bryan W. Brooks ◽  
James P. Grover ◽  
George M. Gable ◽  
Leslie Schwierzke-Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
South Central ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Aquatic Sciences

Effects of inflow on phytoplankton dynamics and assemblage structure have long been an interest of ecologists and resource managers, especially when they are linked to the incidence of harmful algal blooms. The frequency and magnitude of Prymnesium parvum bloom-preventing inflows likely in a drier landscape of south-central USA was explored, along with the relative importance of various factors important to blooms. We show that the number of large inflow events necessary to prevent blooms might decrease between 25% and 65% under drier conditions likely for this region. Long duration inflow events that are critical to lake flushing could nearly disappear, with inflow events lasting longer than 20 days decreasing 40-fold. These findings suggest that the frequency of P. parvum blooms and fish-kill events might increase in this region with human population and climate change. Multivariate analyses of monitoring data from multiple lakes indicate that other factors may be equally important to bloom occurrences. Inverse trends between toxic bloom events and nutrient concentrations, cyanobacteria, and lower pH are apparent. During periods when P. parvum populations were not toxic, an inverse relationship with zooplankton was observed. These other factors might be harnessed to mitigate P. parvum blooms in the future when inflows are reduced.

scholarly journals Hydrographical Observations during a Red Tide with Fish Mortalities at Masirah Island, Oman

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saud S. Al Busaidi ◽  
Khalfan M. Al Rashdi ◽  
Hamed M. Al Gheilani ◽  
Shehla Amer
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Noctiluca Scintillans ◽  
Trichodesmium Erythraeum ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Marine Dinoflagellates ◽  
Toxic Blooms ◽  
Human Poisoning

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) can have a significant impact on the distribution and  survival of coastal fishes and invertebrates, and consequently they can affect local economies where fishing is an important activity. In October 2005, extensive algal blooms with brownish/orange discoloured water and fish mortalities were observed east of Masirah Island. Satellite images revealed cooler upwelled surface water along a broad front just prior to the event, followed by a gradual warming period coinciding with the mortalities. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, salinity and pH taken on 19th October (during the fish mortality event) showed a pronounced thermocline at ~15 m depth and minimum DO of 0.82 ml/L at 25 m depth, and a slight improvement in DO to 1.3 ml/L was measured on 22nd October (after the event). Demersal fishes of several families were prominent among mortalities. No bacterial infestation was found in fish samples and no human poisoning was reported. Planktological data showed that marine dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans and  Prorocentrum micans and toxic blooms of cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum were present.

scholarly journals Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish: Insights from Prymnesium parvum

Fishes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Svendsen ◽  
Nikolaj Andersen ◽  
Per Hansen ◽  
John Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum

scholarly journals Fenomena Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) di Pantai Ringgung Teluk Lampung, Pengaruhnya dengan Tingkat Kematian Ikan yang Dibudidayakan pada Karamba Jaring Apung

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Irawan ◽  
Qadar Hasani ◽  
Herman Yuliyanto
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Phytoplankton Diversity ◽  
Algal Abundance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Index Value

Fish mortality in the Bay of Lampung not only wild fish, but also fish farmed in cages, especially Ringgung Beach. One which caused by harmful algal abundance that occur was increased input contaminants by both natural and anthropogenic sources. This study aims to analyze the influence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) the amount and frequency of fish mortality in cage Ringgung Lampung Bay. The study was conducted at three research stations based KJA density. The results of the study found 33 species of phytoplankton, 14 species have potential as HABs can cause the death of fish. The highest abundance was kind Cochlodinium that reach 63.738 cells/liter. Phytoplankton diversity index value with the lowest value occurred at station 3 on June 19, 2013 ie the date of 0705. The highest phytoplankton diversity values occurred at Station 2 on June 12, 2013 is 2,451. Uniformity values of phytoplankton in the waters of Beach Ringgung obtained in the high category with a value above 0.5 or close to 1, which indicates that the spread of the individual any kind of relatively evenly. Except at station 3 which has a relatively low value (0.228 on June 19, 2013, 0291 on June 26, 2013, and 0446 on July 3, 2013). Effect of HABs on the fishing mortality rate is indicated by regression analysis. Correlation coefficient at station 1 shows the value of 0.5208. While on station 2 shows 0.6937. Harmful algal blooms shown to affect mortality rates of fish in floating net Ringgung Beach. They have triggered reduced oxygen levels in the water that could potentially cause the death of wild fish and farmed in floating net Keywords: Dead fish, harmful phytoplankton, floating net

scholarly journals A Case Study of a Prymnesium parvum Harmful Algae Bloom in the Ohio River Drainage: Impact, Recovery and Potential for Future Invasions/Range Expansion

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3233
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Hartman ◽  
David I. Wellman ◽  
Joseph W. Kingsbury ◽  
Daniel A. Cincotta ◽  
Janet L. Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
Goods And Services

Inland waters provide valuable ecosystem goods and services and are intrinsically linked to downstream coastal areas. Water quality impairments that lead to harmful algal blooms damage valuable commercial and recreational fishing economies, threaten food security, and damage already declining native species. Prymnesium parvum is a brackish water golden alga that can survive in salinities less than 1 ppm and when it blooms it can create toxins that kill aquatic life. Blooms have been documented globally including 23 U.S. states. We report a case study of an aquatic life kill associated with P. parvum in Dunkard Creek (WV-PA, USA), in the Ohio River Drainage. We document the immediate impact to aquatic life and responses of the aquatic community ten years post-kill. Most fish species returned within a year. Excellent connectivity to unimpacted tributaries and a river downstream likely aided the reestablishment of most species, although some had not reached pre-kill abundances after ten years. Mussel taxa did not recover despite significant efforts to relocate adult mussels and stocking of host fish inoculated with glochidia; probably due to other water quality impairments. Given the potential for lateral transport of P. parvum via industry and natural vectors we conducted an ecological risk assessment mapping the spatial extent of U.S. waters that could be threatened by golden algae colonization and blooms using a national water quality database and a state database. Overall, about 4.5% of lotic systems appeared to have some level of risk of harboring P. parvum, making them at risk for potential golden algae blooms in the face of increasing salinization and eutrophication of freshwaters.

scholarly journals Yeast Cell as a Bio-Model for Measuring the Toxicity of Fish-Killing Flagellates

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Malihe Mehdizadeh Allaf ◽  
Charles G. Trick
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Stain Analysis ◽  
Toxicology Assessment

Harmful algal blooms are a significant environmental problem. Cells that bloom are often associated with intercellular or dissolved toxins that are a grave concern to humans. However, cells may also excrete compounds that are beneficial to their competition, allowing the cells to establish or maintain cells in bloom conditions. Here, we develop a yeast cell assay to assess whether the bloom-forming species can change the toxicity of the water environment. The current methods of assessing toxicity involve whole organisms. Here, yeast cells are used as a bioassay model to evaluate eukaryotic cell toxicity. Yeast is a commonly used, easy to maintain bioassay species that is free from ethical concerns, yet is sensitive to a wide array of metabolic and membrane-modulating agents. Compared to methods in which the whole organism is used, this method offers rapid and convenient cytotoxicity measurements using a lower volume of samples. The flow cytometer was employed in this toxicology assessment to measure the number of dead cells using alive/dead stain analysis. The results show that yeast cells were metabolically damaged after 1 h of exposure to our model toxin-producing euryhaline flagellates (Heterosigma akashiwo and Prymnesium parvum) cells or extracts. This amount was increased by extending the incubation time.

scholarly journals Development of an Indirect Quantitation Method to Assess Ichthyotoxic B-Type Prymnesins from Prymnesium parvum

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Killerup Svenssen ◽  
Sofie Bjørnholt Binzer ◽  
Nikola Medić ◽  
Per Juel Hansen ◽  
Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Quantitation Method

Harmful algal blooms of Prymnesium parvum have recurrently been associated with the killing of fish. The causative ichthyotoxic agents of this haptophyte are believed to be prymnesins, a group of supersized ladder-frame polyether compounds currently divided into three types. Here, the development of a quantitative method to assess the molar sum of prymnesins in water samples and in algal biomass is reported. The method is based on the derivatization of the primary amine group and subsequent fluorescence detection using external calibrants. The presence of prymnesins in the underivatized sample should be confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The method is currently only partly applicable to water samples due to the low amounts that are present. The growth and cellular toxin content of two B-type producing strains were monitored in batch cultures eventually limited by an elevated pH. The cellular toxin contents varied by a factor of ~2.5 throughout the growth cycle, with the highest amounts found in the exponential growth phase and the lowest in the stationary growth/death phases. The strain K-0081 contained ~5 times more toxin than K-0374. Further investigations showed that the majority of prymnesins were associated with the biomass (89% ± 7%). This study provides the basis for further investigations into the toxicity and production of prymnesins.

scholarly journals Rapid Quantification of the Toxic Alga Prymnesium parvum in Natural Samples by Use of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Solid-Phase Cytometry

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 860-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. West ◽  
R. Bacchieri ◽  
G. Hansen ◽  
C. Tomas ◽  
P. Lebaron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunofluorescence Labeling

ABSTRACT The increasing incidence of harmful algal blooms around the world and their associated health and economic effects require the development of methods to rapidly and accurately detect and enumerate the target species. Here we describe use of a solid-phase cytometer to detect and enumerate the toxic alga Prymnesium parvum in natural samples, using a specific monoclonal antibody and indirect immunofluorescence. The immunoglobulin G antibody 16E4 exhibited narrow specificity in that it recognized several P. parvum strains and a Prymnesium nemamethecum strain but it did not cross-react with P. parvum strains from Scandinavia or any other algal strains, including species of the closely related genus Chrysochromulina. Prymnesium sp. cells labeled with 16E4 were readily detected by the solid-phase cytometer because of the large fluorescence signal and the signal/noise ratio. Immunofluorescence detection and enumeration of cultured P. parvum cells preserved with different fixatives showed that the highest cell counts were obtained when cells were fixed with either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde plus the cell protectant Pluronic F-68, whereas the use of formaldehyde alone resulted in significantly lower counts. Immunofluorescence labeling and analysis with the solid-phase cytometer of fixed natural samples from a bloom of P. parvum occurring in Lake Colorado in Texas gave cell counts that were close to those obtained by the traditional method of counting using light microscopy. These results show that a solid-phase cytometer can be used to rapidly enumerate natural P. parvum cells and that it could be used to detect other toxic algae, with an appropriate antibody or DNA probe.

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