scholarly journals Comparison in Growth, Feeding, and Metabolism Between a Fast-Growing Selective Strain and a Cultured Population of Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingzhi Zhang ◽  
Bingcong Ye ◽  
Zhifeng Gu ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Shouguo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Pearl Oysters

Pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) is the main species cultured for marine pearls in the world. A breeding program was carried out for desirable production traits, including high growth rate, and a fast-growing selective strain of pearl oysters was established. In the current study, we compared the growth characteristics between a selective strain and a cultured population of P. f. martensii in Beihai, Guangxi Province, China. Large size (SL) and small size (SS) individuals of the selective strain were selected, and the differences of physiological and metabolic indexes, such as feeding, respiration, excretion, and enzyme activities between SL and SS and cultured population (CL), were also compared. The results showed that at the age of 6 months, pearl oysters of the selective strain were 14.61% larger than CL, and the proportion of SL (30–40 mm) was 59%, which was two times higher than CL (28%). SL with a rapid growth rate had a high clearance rate (CR), and the CR of SL was about 1.8 times higher than that of CL and 5 times higher than that of SS. In addition, the activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, pepsin, and lipase) and growth-related carbonic anhydrase enzymes in SL were higher than those in the other two groups (p < 0.05). SS with a slow growth rate had higher oxygen consumption (OCR) and ammonia excretion (AER) rates than SL and CL (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the rapid growth of the selective strain P. f. martensii can be attributed to increased energy intake and reduced energy consumption.

scholarly journals Integrated GC–MS- and LC–MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Studies of the Effect of Vitamin D3 on Pearl Production Traits in Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata martensii

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuangye Yang ◽  
Yetao Zeng ◽  
Yongshan Liao ◽  
Yuewen Deng ◽  
Xiaodong Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Pearl Oysters

Pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii is widely recognized for biomineralization and has been cultured for high-quality marine pearl production. To ascertain how dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) levels affect the features of pearl production by P. f. martensii and discover the mechanisms regulating this occurrence, five experimental diets with variable levels of VD3 were used with inclusion levels of 0, 500, 1,000, 3,000, and 10,000 IU/kg. The distinct inclusion levels were distributed into five experimental groups (EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4, and EG5). All the experimental groups were reared indoors except the control group (CG) reared at the sea. Pearl oysters, one year and a half old, were used in the grafting operation to culture pearls. During the growing period that lasted 137 days, EG3 had the highest survival rate, retention rate, and high-quality pearl rate. A similar trend was found for EG3 and CG with significantly higher pearl thickness and nacre deposition rates than other groups, but no significant differences were observed between them. A metabolomics profiling using GC–MS and LC–MS of pearl oysters fed with low quantities of dietary VD3 and optimal levels of dietary VD3 revealed 135 statistically differential metabolites (SDMs) (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that SDMs were involved in 32 pathways, such as phenylalanine metabolism, histidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. These results provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the impacts of VD3 on pearl production traits in pearl oyster and reinforce forthcoming prospects and application of VD3 in pearl oyster in aquaculture rearing conditions.

scholarly journals 335EFFECT OF PATERNAL LINE OF DONOR ON SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSE AND EMBRYO QUALITY IN JAPANESE BLACK HEIFERS

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Asada ◽  
Y. Hashiyada ◽  
K. Konishi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Japanese Black Cattle ◽  
Gnrh Analog ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Meat Type

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of paternal line of donor on superovulatory response and embryo quality in Japanese Black cattle. Japanese Black cattle have paternal lines that can be classified into the following, according to meat quality and the growth rate: ‘high marbling meat type’, ‘high growth rate type’ and ‘high marbling meat and high growth rate (intermediate type)’. We hypothesized that paternal line of donor may affect superovulatory response. One hundred and forty superstimulations were performed on 56 Japanese Black heifers, and data on superovulatory response and embryo collection were analyzed. Japanese Black donors used in this study were from the following 4 paternal lines: Kedaka (large-framed with high growth rate;; n=9, 30 times), Fujiyoshi (intermediate type;; n=22, 47 times), Shigekane (high marbling meat type;; n=13, 40 times), and Tajiri (high marbling meat type and small-frame with slow growth rate;; n=12, 23 times). Donors were synchronized using a CIDR-B (EAZI-BREED, InterAg, NZ) for 8 to 12 days, and 500μg PGF analog (Resipron-C; Teikoku Zouki, Japan or Clopromate-C; Sumitomo, Japan) administered at CIDR removal. Superstimulation was initiated on Day 10 (Day 0=day of estrus) of the synchronized cycle;; FSH (Antrin R10;; Denka, Japan) was administered twice daily for 4 days with decreasing doses for a total of 28 Armour units FSH. PGF analog was administered in the morning on the last day of FSH treatment. Donors were given 50 or 100μg GnRH analog (Sporunen, Denka, or Conceral, Takeda Schering prau, Japan) at the time of estrus detection, and were inseminated 12h after the onset of estrus. Embryos were recovered on Day 7 after AI. The numbers of CL and follicles were recorded with transrectal ultrasonography immediately after embryo recovery. Embryos were classified according to the IETS Manual. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test combined with Scheffe’s multiple comparison test. There were no significant differences in CL numbers among paternal lines: Kedaka (9.5±4.2), Fujiyoshi (8.5±5.1), Shigekane (7.8±5.0) and Tajiri (8.6±4.1). Mean number of recovered ova/embryos per donor was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the Kedaka line (8.4±5.1) than in the Fujiyoshi (4.9±4.1) and Shigekane (5.5±7.0) lines. The percentages of viable embryos was greater (P<0.05) in the Fujiyoshi (73.7%) and Shigekane lines (62.8%) than in the Tajiri line (50.9%), whereas the percentage of unfertilized oocytes was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the Tajiri line (41.5%) than in the Fujiyoshi (17.5%) or Shigekane (26.1%) lines. The percentages of freezeable and transferable embryos were not significantly different among paternal lines. Data suggest that the paternal line had an effect on the superstimulatory response in Japanese Black heifers, and especially the number and percentage of viable embryos per donor.

scholarly journals Mass mortality of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata (Gould)) in Japan in 2019 and 2020 is caused by an unidentified infectious agent

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12180
Author(s):  
Tomomasa Matsuyama ◽  
Satoshi Miwa ◽  
Tohru Mekata ◽  
Yuta Matsuura ◽  
Tomokazu Takano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Pearl Oysters ◽  
Adult Oyster ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Pathogen Occurrence

Mass mortality of 0-year-old pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata (Gould), and anomalies in adults were observed in Japan’s major pearl farming areas in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Although adult oyster mortality was low, both adult and juvenile oysters underwent atrophy of the soft body, detachment of the mantle from nacre (the shiny inner surface of the valves), deposition of brownish material on the nacre, and loss of nacre luster. Infection trials were conducted to verify the involvement of pathogens in this phenomenon. Healthy adult pearl oysters were obtained from areas where this disease had not occurred to use as the recipients. The sources of infection were either affected adult oysters with atrophied soft bodies or batches of juveniles in which mortality had reached conspicuous levels. Transmission of the disease to the healthy oysters were tested either by cohabitation with affected oysters or by injections of the hemolymph of affected animals. The injection infection test examined the effects of filtration and chloroform exposure on the pathogen. Occurrence of the disease was confirmed by the appearance of brown deposits on the nacre and loss of nacre luster. The abnormalities of nacre were clearly reproduced in recipient shells in three out of four cohabitation trials with affected oysters. The disease was also reproduced in six out of six injection trails either with hemolymph filtered through 100 nm filter or with hemolymph treated with chloroform. In a serial passage with hemolymph injections, the disease was successfully transmitted through eight passages. These results suggest that the etiology of the disease is a non-enveloped virus with a diameter ≤100 nm.

Phosphate response of Trifolium uniflorum compared with T. repens and some T. repens×T. uniflorum hybrids

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Nichols ◽  
J. R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Hill Country

Introgression of genes from Trifolium uniflorum L. into T. repens L. (white clover) is being investigated as a method to improve phosphorus (P) use efficiency in white clover; however, little is known about the edaphic adaptations or P physiology of T. uniflorum. Growth responses to added P of T. uniflorum, T. repens and some T. repens × T. uniflorum hybrids were determined in a glasshouse experiment in pots of soil. Trifolium uniflorum showed traits consistent with adaptation to low-P soils: slow growth rate, small leaves, relatively high leaf-tissue P concentrations, and sequestration of P in its roots when soil P levels were increased. The response of Kopu II, one of the hybrid backcross parents, was quite different; it showed high growth rate, large leaves, much lower leaf P concentrations, and a large decrease in root : shoot P allocation as soil P increased. Tahora, the other backcross parent, exhibited several characteristics that were intermediate between Kopu II and T. uniflorum, probably reflecting its breeding origins from New Zealand hill-country ecotypes. This study confirms the potential for interspecific hybridisation with T. uniflorum to increase the tolerance of white clover to low soil P levels, through incorporation of traits related to edaphic adaptations. Variation among the hybrid families in their response to changing soil P confirmed previously published conclusions about the need to screen widely in hybrid material.

Effects of replacing microalgae with an artificial diet on pearl production traits and mineralization-related gene expression in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 5331-5337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang-ye Yang ◽  
Qing-heng Wang ◽  
Rui-juan Hao ◽  
Yong-shan Liao ◽  
Xiao-dong Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Related Gene

Glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, and amino acid exchange across the hindlimb in young double-muscled type bulls maintained at two growth rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hornick ◽  
C. Van Eenaeme ◽  
S. Gauthier ◽  
P. Baldwin ◽  
L. Istasse
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Supplementation

The effect of growth rate and protein supplementation on muscle metabolism of eight bulls from the Belgian Blue breed, double-muscled type, was investigated by the arterio-venous difference technique. A low growth (LG) group was maintained at a low growth rate over 36 d, and a rapid growth (RG) group for 28 d before receiving a fattening diet allowing for a rapid growth. At the end of the RG period the RG bulls received a supplement of protected soybean meal. Animals were fitted with an aortic ultrasonic blood flow probe and with catheters in the aorta and the vena cava. The blood flow in the hindlimbs of bulls varied greatly by time of the day but was higher in the RG group. The RG group had a higher arterio-venous difference (AVD) and uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen while AVD in essential amino acids was four times higher and uptake eight times higher. Significant higher AVD or uptake was observed in individual amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and lysine. The supplementation with protected soybean meal had significant negative effect on the uptake of several amino acids. It was concluded that caution should be exercised when measuring punctually blood flow in muscle tissue, for example by dilution techniques. At high growth rate, the requirements for amino acids are larger than for glucose. Excess protein provides no additional benefit. Key words: Bull, hindlimb catheterism, growth rate, protected soy bean, metabolite

Dynamics of Exploited Whitefish Populations and their Management with Special Reference to the Northwest Territories

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Stock Size ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Wide Range

Available data on mortality, growth, reproduction, and stock size in exploited and unexploited populations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) are reviewed with a view to understanding the dynamics of exploited populations and improving their management. Natural mortality ranged from about 0.20 to 0.80 in unexploited populations. In exploited populations total mortality was as high as 0.94. Unexploited populations showed a wide range of growth rates. Growth rate increased with increasing exploitation, and growth rate in all heavily exploited populations was similar to the most rapid growth rate shown by unexploited stocks. Heavily exploited whitefish matured at a younger age and possibly also at a smaller size than those which were unexploited. Limited data on stock size suggest that although total population size declines under heavy exploitation, the vulnerable population remains of similar size.It is concluded that whitefish respond to fluctuations in population size through compensatory changes in growth rate, the difference between growth rate in a population and maximum growth rate is a measure of its scope for compensating for increased mortality. Populations with slow growth rate and low mortality should, therefore, have the best fishery potential, while those with high growth rate and high mortality have a low fishery potential. Further, it is possible to judge the fishery potential of a population or its stage of exploitation from relatively simple measurements of mortality, growth, age structure, and maturity.

scholarly journals Microbiota Diversity in Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata martensii Intestine and Its Aquaculture Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zheng ◽  
Yongshan Liao ◽  
Jianming Ye ◽  
Chuangye Yang ◽  
Linda Adzigbli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Pearl Oysters ◽  
Surrounding Seawater

Environmental microbiota plays a vital role in the intestinal microbiota of aquatic organisms. However, data concerning the association between the intestinal microbiota of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii and the surrounding seawater are limited. The existing bacterial communities in pearl oyster intestine and surrounding water from two sites (D and H, within Liusha Bay in Guangdong, China) were investigated using 16S rRNA-based sequencing to explore the relationship among the two. D located in the inner bay, and H located in the open sea area outside bay. Results revealed the richness and diversity of pearl oyster intestinal microbiota to be less than those of the surrounding water, with 38 phyla and 272 genera observed as a result of the classifiable sequence. The microbiota compositions in the intestine and the surrounding water were diversified at the phylum and genus levels, with the sequencing data being statistically significant. However, the functional prediction of microbiota emphasized the overall similarity in the functional profile of the surrounding seawater and intestinal microbiomes. This profile was associated with metabolism of cofactors and vitamin, carbohydrates metabolism, amino acids metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids, and polyketides, metabolism of other amino acids, lipids metabolism, and energy metabolism. Seven common operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which belonged to phyla Tenericutes, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes, were noted in the intestines of pearl oysters from two different sites. These OTUs may be affiliates to the core microbiome of pearl oyster. Significantly different bacterial taxa in the intestines of pearl oysters from two different sites were found at the phylum and genus levels. This finding suggested that the bacterial communities in pearl oyster intestines may exhibit some plasticity to adapt to changes in the surrounding water-cultured environment. This study generally offers constructive discoveries associated with pearl oyster intestinal microbiota and provides guidance for sustainable aquaculture.

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