scholarly journals The Habenula in the Link Between ADHD and Mood Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-A Lee ◽  
Yukiori Goto
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Psychomotor Retardation ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
New Perspective

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset, neurodevelopmental disorder, whereas major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder that typically emerges in adulthood. Accumulating evidence suggests that these seemingly unrelated psychiatric disorders, whose symptoms even appear antithetical [e.g., psychomotor retardation in depression vs. hyperactivity (psychomotor acceleration) in ADHD], are in fact associated with each other. Thus, individuals with ADHD exhibit high comorbidity with MDD later in life. Moreover, genetic studies have shown substantial overlaps of susceptibility genes between ADHD and MDD. Here, we propose a novel and testable hypothesis that the habenula, the epithalamic brain region important for the regulation of monoamine transmission, may be involved in both ADHD and MDD. The hypothesis suggests that an initially hypoactive habenula during childhood in individuals with ADHD may undergo compensatory changes during development, priming the habenula to be hyperactive in response to stress exposure and thereby increasing vulnerability to MDD in adulthood. Moreover, we propose a new perspective on habenular deficits in psychiatric disorders that consider the habenula a neural substrate that could explain multiple psychiatric disorders.

Current Treatments of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (S3) ◽  
pp. s1-s8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Pliszka ◽  
William W. Dodson ◽  
Thomas J. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Medication Administration ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Functional Behavior ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a genetic disorder that affects both children and adults. Genetic studies have shown the heritability of ADHD to be higher than other psychiatric disorders. In addition, imaging studies have revealed various structural anomalies in the brain.Often ADHD persists into adulthood. The presentation of ADHD into adulthood most often results from childhood onset of ADHD. Symptoms of inattention and functional behavior tend to persist. These symptoms may often be less obvious, with less overt hyperactivity and impulsiveness.Stimulant medications remain the predominant choice for the treatment of ADHD. They are safe and offer good response. Common adverse reactions can usually be removed by changing the dose and the timing of medication administration. Of the second-line agents for treating ADHD, the tricyclic antidepressants have generated the most studies and have proved fairly efficacious.

Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA THAPAR ◽  
KATE LANGLEY ◽  
MICHAEL J. OWEN ◽  
MICHAEL C. O'DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Developmental Features

ABSTRACTAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with adverse consequences during adult life. Family, twin and adoption studies show that genetic factors contribute to the aetiology of ADHD and that environmental factors also play a role. Family and twin studies have shown the importance of genetic influences on continuity in ADHD over time and in accounting for the co-occurrence of ADHD and conduct disorder problems. In meta-analyses of molecular genetic studies, the 48-bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) variant in the dopamine D4 gene and the CA(n) microsatellite marker in the D5 receptor gene have been found to be repeatedly associated with ADHD. Results from meta-analyses of the 480-bp VNTR in the dopamine transporter gene are mixed. Several genetic studies have also identified genetic variants that are related to specific clinical and developmental features of ADHD. In the next few years, a new generation of much larger-scale genetic studies should lead to the identification of further ADHD susceptibility genes. Such studies will also need to be integrated with other areas of neuroscience, clinical and epidemiological research to investigate how specific gene variants exert risk effects, interact with environmental factors and enable identification of the underlying causal mechanisms that lead to ADHD.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation Underpinning ADHD Risk in a Caribbean Community

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo ◽  
Johan E. Acosta-López ◽  
Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez ◽  
Martha L. Martínez-Banfi ◽  
Elsy Mejia-Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Caribbean Community ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Genetic Stratification

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that frequently persists into adulthood. Strong evidence from genetic studies indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harboured in the ADGRL3 (LPHN3), SNAP25, FGF1, DRD4, and SLC6A2 genes are associated with ADHD. We genotyped 26 SNPs harboured in genes previously reported to be associated with ADHD and evaluated their potential association in 386 individuals belonging to 113 nuclear families from a Caribbean community in Barranquilla, Colombia, using family-based association tests. SNPs rs362990-SNAP25 (T allele; p = 2.46 × 10−4), rs2282794-FGF1 (A allele; p = 1.33 × 10−2), rs2122642-ADGRL3 (C allele, p = 3.5 × 10−2), and ADGRL3 haplotype CCC (markers rs1565902-rs10001410-rs2122642, OR = 1.74, Ppermuted = 0.021) were significantly associated with ADHD. Our results confirm the susceptibility to ADHD conferred by SNAP25, FGF1, and ADGRL3 variants in a community with a significant African American component, and provide evidence supporting the existence of specific patterns of genetic stratification underpinning the susceptibility to ADHD. Knowledge of population genetics is crucial to define risk and predict susceptibility to disease.

scholarly journals Insights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from recent genetic studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Isabell Brikell ◽  
Christie Burton ◽  
Nina Roth Mota ◽  
Joanna Martin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risks

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). In this narrative review, we summarize recent advances in quantitative and molecular genetic research from the past 5–10 years. Combined with large-scale international collaboration, these advances have resulted in fast-paced progress in understanding the etiology of ADHD and how genetic risk factors map on to clinical heterogeneity. Studies are converging on a number of key insights. First, ADHD is a highly polygenic NDD with a complex genetic architecture encompassing risk variants across the spectrum of allelic frequencies, which are implicated in neurobiological processes. Second, genetic studies strongly suggest that ADHD diagnosis shares a large proportion of genetic risks with continuously distributed traits of ADHD in the population, with shared genetic risks also seen across development and sex. Third, ADHD genetic risks are shared with those implicated in many other neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and somatic phenotypes. As sample sizes and the diversity of genetic studies continue to increase through international collaborative efforts, we anticipate further success with gene discovery, characterization of how the ADHD phenotype relates to other human traits and growing potential to use genomic risk factors for understanding clinical trajectories and for precision medicine approaches.

scholarly journals Networks in the Field of Tourette Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kleimaker ◽  
Maximilian Kleimaker ◽  
Amelie Behm ◽  
Anne Weissbach ◽  
Tobias Bäumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Clinical Phenomenology ◽  
External Stimuli

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric neurodevelopmental disorder with the cardinal clinical features of motor and phonic tics. Clinical phenomenology can be complex since, besides tics, there are other features including premonitory urges preceding tics, pali-, echo-, and coprophenomena, hypersensitivity to external stimuli, and symptom dependency on stress, attention, and other less well-defined factors. Also, the rate of comorbidities, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, is high. Mirroring the complexities of the clinical course and phenomenology, pathophysiological findings are very diverse, and etiology is disputed. It has become clear, though, that abnormalities in the basal ganglia and their connections with cortical areas are key for the understanding of the pathophysiology and as regards etiology, genetic factors are crucial. Against this background, both adequate clinical management of TS and TS-related research require multidisciplinary preferably international cooperation in larger groups or networks to address the multiple facets of this disorder and yield valid and useful data. In particular, large numbers of patients are needed for brain imaging and genetic studies. To meet these requirements, a number of networks and groups in the field of TS have developed over the years creating an efficient, lively, and supportive international research community. In this review, we will provide an overview of these groups and networks.

scholarly journals Co-morbid psychiatric disorders among incarcerated ADHD populations: a meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2499-2510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Young ◽  
O. Sedgwick ◽  
M. Fridman ◽  
G. Gudjonsson ◽  
P. Hodgkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity

BackgroundRates of psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among prison inmates, and recent evidence confirms over-representation of youths and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk for psychiatric co-morbidity may be greater among offenders with ADHD. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of reported rates of co-existing psychiatric morbidity with ADHD in prison samples.MethodStudies published from 1980 to 2015 were identified using five bibliographic indexes, review articles and reference lists. Included studies had a defined ADHD group and provided additional prevalence on at least one of the following: conduct disorder, substance use disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or personality disorder. We performed meta-analytical estimates of the prevalence of each co-morbid disorder within ADHD, and estimated the risk for co-existing disorders among prisoners with ADHD by pooling odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsEighteen studies with data for 1615 with ADHD and 3128 without ADHD were included. The risk (OR) of all psychiatric morbidity is increased among adult inmates with ADHD. Associations in youths with ADHD were restricted to mood disorder (OR 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.09–3.28).ConclusionsThis study quantifies the extent of co-morbidity presented by offenders with ADHD, especially adults. The differences between risk estimates for youths and adults indicate an incremental effect in both frequency and severity for the development of further co-morbid pathology through adulthood. The findings have implications for clinical intervention and for criminal justice policy.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of 0.6 Million Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e97-e103
Author(s):  
Irene Rethemiotaki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. This work aims at studying the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with ADHD in the United States in the period between 2009 and 2018. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the development of ADHD. It has been studied 615,608 children, 51.2% male and 48.7% female. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.13%, with males predominating over females. The number of children with ADHD increased from 2009 to 2018 by 14.8%. As specified by multiple logistic regression analysis, males (odds ratio [OR] 2.38) who have neither mother nor father (OR 1.76) are twice as likely to have ADHD compared with their peers. In addition, family income (OR 1.40) and parent's education (OR 1.12) were significantly associated with ADHD. It has been highlighted the significance of deprivation of both family and financial comfort as primary indicators for ADHD in children. Moreover, children with ADHD were more likely to be males in the age group of 12 to 17.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document