scholarly journals Crème de la Créature: Dietary Influences on Behavior in Animal Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manaswini Sarangi ◽  
Monica Dus
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Saturated Fats ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Affective Behaviors ◽  
Multiple Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

In humans, alterations in cognitive, motivated, and affective behaviors have been described with consumption of processed diets high in refined sugars and saturated fats and with high body mass index, but the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of these changes remain poorly understood. Animal models have provided an opportunity to answer these questions and illuminate the ways in which diet composition, especially high-levels of added sugar and saturated fats, contribute to brain physiology, plasticity, and behavior. Here we review findings from invertebrate (flies) and vertebrate models (rodents, zebrafish) that implicate these diets with changes in multiple behaviors, including eating, learning and memory, and motivation, and discuss limitations, open questions, and future opportunities.

scholarly journals Organ-on-a-Chip for Studying Gut-Brain Interaction Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13513
Author(s):  
Min-Hyeok Kim ◽  
Danny van Noort ◽  
Jong Hwan Sung ◽  
Sungsu Park
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Organ On A Chip ◽  
And Behavior

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of membrane vesicles that play important roles in cell-to-cell and interspecies/interkingdom communications by modulating the pathophysiological conditions of recipient cells. Recent evidence has implied their potential roles in the gut–brain axis (GBA), which is a complex bidirectional communication system between the gut environment and brain pathophysiology. Despite the evidence, the roles of EVs in the gut microenvironment in the GBA are less highlighted. Moreover, there are critical challenges in the current GBA models and analyzing techniques for EVs, which may hinder the research. Currently, advances in organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technologies have provided a promising solution. Here, we review the potential effects of EVs occurring in the gut environment on brain physiology and behavior and discuss how to apply OOCs to research the GBA mediated by EVs in the gut microenvironment.

Modification of Hippocampal Markers of Synaptic Plasticity by Memantine in Animal Models of Acute and Repeated Restraint Stress: Implications for Memory and Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaimaa Nasr Amin ◽  
Ahmed Amro El-Aidi ◽  
Mohamed Mostafa Ali ◽  
Yasser Mahmoud Attia ◽  
Laila Ahmed Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
And Behavior

Stress and Bipolar Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-328
Author(s):  
Richard McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Circadian Clock Genes ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
And Behavior

Animal models of bipolar disorder (BD) should capture the switching of mood states from mania to depression and vice versa. Dopamine signaling pathways in brain, including variations in the dopamine transporter protein, have been a focus of many animal models of BD. Another aspect of BD in humans is reflected in circadian and seasonal changes in onset of symptoms. Other animal models of BD include the Myshkin and Madison mouse strains, both of which display mania-like behavior that is reversed by treatment with lithium or valproic acid. Another experimental approach has been to manipulate circadian clock genes and examine effects on dopamine signaling and behavior. Finally, manipulations of risk genes for BD in laboratory mice have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in extreme alterations in mood state.

scholarly journals Microbiota modulation by eating patterns and diet composition: impact on food intake

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. R1254-R1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Klingbeil ◽  
Claire B. de La Serre
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Nucleus Of Solitary Tract ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lps Treatment

There is accumulating evidence that the gut microbiota and its composition dynamics play a crucial role in regulating the host physiological functions and behavior. Diet composition is the primary modulator of bacterial richness and abundance in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Macronutrient (fat, sugar, and protein) and fiber contents are especially important in determining microbiota composition and its effect on health outcomes and behavior. In addition to food composition, time of intake and eating patterns have recently been shown to significantly affect gut bacterial makeup. Diet-driven unfavorable microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, can lead to an increased production of proinflammatory by-products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Increased inflammatory potential is associated with alteration in gut permeability, resulting in elevated levels of LPS in the bloodstream, or metabolic endotoxemia. We have found that a chronic increase in circulating LPS is sufficient to induce hyperphagia in rodents. Chronic LPS treatment appears to specifically impair the gut-brain axis and vagally mediated satiety signaling. The vagus nerve relays information on the quantity and quality of nutrients in the GI tract to the nucleus of solitary tract in the brain stem. There is evidence that microbiota dysbiosis is associated with remodeling of the vagal afferent pathway and that normalizing the microbiota composition in rats fed a high-fat diet is sufficient to prevent vagal remodeling. Taken together, these data support a role for the microbiota in regulating gut-brain communication and eating behavior. Bacteria-originating inflammation may play a key role in impairment of diet-driven satiety and the development of hyperphagia.

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