scholarly journals Early Development of Locomotor Patterns and Motor Control in Very Young Children at High Risk of Cerebral Palsy, a Longitudinal Case Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annike Bekius ◽  
Margit M. Bach ◽  
Laura A. van de Pol ◽  
Jaap Harlaar ◽  
Andreas Daffertshofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Over Time

The first years of life might be critical for encouraging independent walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We sought to identify mechanisms that may underlie the impaired development of walking in three young children with early brain lesions, at high risk of CP, via comprehensive instrumented longitudinal assessments of locomotor patterns and muscle activation during walking. We followed three children (P1–P3) with early brain lesions, at high risk of CP, during five consecutive gait analysis sessions covering a period of 1 to 2 years, starting before the onset of independent walking, and including the session during the first independent steps. In the course of the study, P1 did not develop CP, P2 was diagnosed with unilateral and P3 with bilateral CP. We monitored the early development of locomotor patterns over time via spatiotemporal gait parameters, intersegmental coordination (estimated via principal component analysis), electromyography activity, and muscle synergies (determined from 11 bilateral muscles via nonnegative matrix factorization). P1 and P2 started to walk independently at the corrected age of 14 and 22 months, respectively. In both of them, spatiotemporal gait parameters, intersegmental coordination, muscle activation patterns, and muscle synergy structure changed from supported to independent walking, although to a lesser extent when unilateral CP was diagnosed (P2), especially for the most affected leg. The child with bilateral CP (P3) did not develop independent walking, and all the parameters did not change over time. Our exploratory longitudinal study revealed differences in maturation of locomotor patterns between children with divergent developmental trajectories. We succeeded in identifying mechanisms that may underlie impaired walking development in very young children at high risk of CP. When verified in larger sample sizes, our approach may be considered a means to improve prognosis and to pinpoint possible targets for early intervention.

Spasticity and Dystonia are Underidentified in Young Children at High Risk for Cerebral Palsy

2021 ◽  
pp. 088307382110596
Author(s):  
Hanyang Miao ◽  
Amit M. Mathur ◽  
Bhooma R. Aravamuthan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Diagnostic Workup ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Targeted Treatment ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Background Early spasticity and dystonia identification in cerebral palsy is critical for guiding diagnostic workup and prompting targeted treatment early when it is most efficacious. However, differentiating spasticity from dystonia is difficult in young children with cerebral palsy. Methods We sought to determine spasticity and dystonia underidentification rates in children at high risk for cerebral palsy (following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) by assessing how often child neurologists identified hypertonia alone versus specifying the hypertonia type as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years. Results Of 168 children, 63 developed cerebral palsy and hypertonia but only 19 (30%) had their hypertonia type specified as spasticity and/or dystonia by age 5 years. Conclusions Child neurologists did not specify the type of hypertonia in a majority of children at high risk of cerebral palsy. Because early tone identification critically guides diagnostic workup and treatment of cerebral palsy, these results highlight an important gap in current cerebral palsy care.

Assessing What High Risk Young Children Know about Drugs: Verbal versus Pictorial Methods

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Blinn-Pike ◽  
Talib Bell ◽  
Matt Devereaux ◽  
Heather Doyle ◽  
Sharon Tittsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Education Intervention ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Matched Comparison ◽  
Alcohol And Other Drugs

Very young children are generally not targeted for drug education efforts for two basic reasons. First, it is generally assumed that young children are not cognitively ready to learn about specific drugs through systematic drug prevention efforts. And second, it is difficult to measure pre- and posttest changes on the part of young children if drug education intervention is instituted. This study involved measuring what children three to eight years old learned from systematic drug education over the course of eight months. Two assessment methods were compared: pictorial and verbal interviews. The posttest results revealed that the children who received the intervention knew significantly more about several drugs than a matched comparison group. Both methods were useful in providing a comprehensive view of what the children knew about alcohol and other drugs.

Behaviour problems in preschool children: A developmental context for assessment and intervention

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra MacKenzie-Keating ◽  
Linda McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Problem Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Child Problems ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSome issues related to behaviour problems in preschool children are examined. Topics include prevalence and significance of early behaviour problems, problems in assessment of behaviour problems in very young children, and currently used classification systems and their relevance to very young children.The case for a developmental perspective will also be considered in conjunction with some recent methods of classifying child problems such as DC: 0-3 (Zero to Three: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 1997) and with more behaviourally oriented guidelines. Finally, relationships that develop over time ore examined with respect to risk and protection, the case for prevention and early identification, and a brief review of interventions for preschool children. In spite of the difficulty in identifying significant problem behaviour in very young children, it is argued that it is important to intervene early in order to prevent more serious problems later in life.

scholarly journals LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD AND RETINA OVER TIME IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN WITH FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY

Retina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonghyun Lee ◽  
Mays A. El-Dairi ◽  
Du Tran-Viet ◽  
Shwetha Mangalesh ◽  
Alexandria Dandridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals POSTBURN CICATRICAL FOOT DEFORMITIES IN CHILDREN: CLINICAL ASPECTS AND MANAGEMENT

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
K. A. Afonichev ◽  
O. V. Filippova ◽  
A. G. Baindurashvili ◽  
D. S. Buklaev
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Foot Deformities ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intensive Growth

The cicatrical deformities of the foot and secondary changes in tendons, muscles and in osteoarticular system with respect to the age and scar location were discussed. It was pointed to a high risk of early development of foot deformities, especially in young children up to five years of age. This indicates the need for regular medical check-up. Clinical experience shows that the hypertrophic scars that extend from the lateral surfaces of the foot to the ankle region create preconditions for development of multiplanar foot deformities, especially in the period of intensive growth of the skeleton. Possible complications in the treatment of multiplanar foot deformities in the presence of scar lesions of surrounding tissues associated with an increased risk of trophic disorders and the development of the inflammatory process are considered. Recommendations on stages of surgical treatment are given.

scholarly journals Attention Biases to Threat Link Behavioral Inhibition to Social Withdrawal over Time in Very Young Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koraly Pérez-Edgar ◽  
Bethany C. Reeb-Sutherland ◽  
Jennifer Martin McDermott ◽  
Lauren K. White ◽  
Heather A. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Over Time

The who, when and where of early narratives

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Parental Scaffolding

ABSTRACTTo be well understood, narratives need to be embedded within appropriate contextual information. The early development of key orientation (participants, location and time) was traced with an 18-month longitudinal study of real-experience narratives produced by 10 children aged approximately 2–3; 6. Listener knowledge or inference was required to decode most named participants and many were not specified at all. There was no developmental improvement. Orientation to when was rare at first and involved formula words indiscriminately applied. There was steady developmental improvement in frequency as well as differentiation of time references. where information was more common at all ages, particularly when the narrated events occurred away from home. It also showed developmental improvement, but only for away-from-home locations. Overall, very young children can produce narratives in an unscaffolded context to adults unfamiliar with their experiences. The potential role of parental scaffolding in teaching orientation skills is discussed.

scholarly journals Kinematic and EMG Responses to Pelvis and Leg Assistance Force during Treadmill Walking in Children with Cerebral Palsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wu ◽  
Janis Kim ◽  
Pooja Arora ◽  
Deborah J. Gaebler-Spira ◽  
Yunhui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
The Body ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Before And After

Treadmill training has been used for improving locomotor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but the functional gains are relatively small, suggesting a need to improve current paradigms. The understanding of the kinematic and EMG responses to forces applied to the body of subjects during treadmill walking is crucial for improving current paradigms. The objective of this study was to determine the kinematics and EMG responses to the pelvis and/or leg assistance force. Ten children with spastic CP were recruited to participate in this study. A controlled assistance force was applied to the pelvis and/or legs during stance and swing phase of gait through a custom designed robotic system during walking. Muscle activities and spatial-temporal gait parameters were measured at different loading conditions during walking. In addition, the spatial-temporal gait parameters during overground walking before and after treadmill training were also collected. Applying pelvis assistance improved step height and applying leg assistance improved step length during walking, but applying leg assistance also reduced muscle activation of ankle flexor during the swing phase of gait. In addition, step length and self-selected walking speed significantly improved after one session of treadmill training with combined pelvis and leg assistance.

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