scholarly journals Altered Effective Connectivity of Children and Young Adults With Unilateral Amblyopia: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peishan Dai ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhou ◽  
Yilin Ou ◽  
Tong Xiong ◽  
Jinlong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Calcarine Fissure ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The Right ◽  
Feedback Pathway

The altered functional connectivity (FC) in amblyopia has been investigated by many studies, but the specific causality of brain connectivity needs to be explored further to understand the brain activity of amblyopia. We investigated whether the effective connectivity (EC) of children and young adults with amblyopia was altered. The subjects included 16 children and young adults with left eye amblyopia and 17 healthy controls (HCs). The abnormalities between the left/right primary visual cortex (PVC) and the other brain regions were investigated in a voxel-wise manner using the Granger causality analysis (GCA). According to the EC results in the HCs and the distribution of visual pathways, 12 regions of interest (ROIs) were selected to construct an EC network. The alteration of the EC network of the children and young adults with amblyopia was analyzed. In the voxel-wise manner analysis, amblyopia showed significantly decreased EC between the left/right of the PVC and the left middle frontal gyrus/left inferior frontal gyrus compared with the HCs. In the EC network analysis, compared with the HCs, amblyopia showed significantly decreased EC from the left calcarine fissure, posterior cingulate gyrus, left lingual gyrus, right lingual gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus to the right calcarine fissure. Amblyopia also showed significantly decreased EC from the right inferior frontal gyrus and right lingual gyrus to the left superior temporal gyrus compared with the HCs in the EC network analysis. The results may indicate that amblyopia altered the visual feedforward and feedback pathway, and amblyopia may have a greater relevance with the feedback pathway than the feedforward pathway. Amblyopia may also correlate with the feedforward of the third visual pathway.

T WAVE CONTOUR IN THE PRECORDIAL LEADS DURING CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-407
Author(s):  
R. W. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Positive Wave ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age Range

The T wave in the precordial V leads was studied in 187 normal children and young adults in the age range of 2 weeks to 20 years and in 164 individuals of like age with cardiovascular disease or with disease or medication capable of affecting the cardiovascular system. On the basis of this analysis correlated with a survey of the literature, it is concluded that: a. An upright T wave in lead V2 or leads further to the right should be considered abnormal in children between 2 weeks and 9 years of age until proved otherwise. b. The normal sequence in the direction of the T wave from V4R to V6 is from a negative to a positive wave with transitional forms which may be notched or diphasic. The reversal of this pattern is to be considered abnormal. c. The presence of unexpected T wave contours in specific leads at the different ages should be considered as evidence demanding re-examination of the ECG and of the child for abnormalities.

Effectiveness of Therapy for the Treatment of Accommodative Insufficiency: An Open Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 270-278
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Interclass Correlation ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Therapy Protocol

Background: To evaluate improvements in clinical measures and symptoms in children and young adults with accommodative insufficiency in an open trial of office-based vergence and accommodative therapy. Methods: Major eligibility requirements included ages 9 to 30 years and amplitude of accommodation (AA) ≥2 diopters (D) below Hoffstetter’s minimum. Participants completed 8 weekly, 1-hour sessions of office-based vergence and accommodative therapy. Therapy procedures followed the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) therapy protocol with emphasis on accommodative procedures. Clinical measures of accommodation and symptoms (Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey [CISS]) were assessed at baseline and after therapy. Results were evaluated using the Student’s t test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Repeatability of CISS scores at baseline was assessed using Bland Altman 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) and Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: Eighteen participants (mean age 17.4 ± 8.0 years) were enrolled; sixteen completed the study. The mean AA improved significantly from 5.5D OD and OS at baseline to 12.4D OD and 12.8D OS at outcome (p<0.001). Mean monocular accommodative facility (AF) also increased significantly in both eyes from 6.6 cycles per min (cpm) OD and 7.4cpm OS at baseline to 14.2cpm OD and OS at outcome (p≤0.0009). Amplitude-scaled monocular AF also showed significant improvements (p≤0.034 for both). Mean CISS score improved 10.50 points (p=0.0003). Significantly greater improvements in AA were observed in children (9.0D) than in adults (4.3D) in the right eye (p=0.007 for both comparisons). Conversely mean improvement in CISS score was significantly greater in adults than in children (p=0.039). Repeated CISS scores differed by, on average,1.47 points (95% limits of agreement:-5.19, 8.13; p=0.12). The ICC was 0.95 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.87 to 0.98. Conclusion: Eight weekly sessions of office-based accommodative vergence therapy combined with homebased- reinforcement therapy resulted in improvements of symptoms and clinical measures of accommodation in children and young adults with accommodative insufficiency.

IS IT BEING USED THE RIGHT WAY? HOME NEBULIZER USE AMONG CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS DYING FROM ASTHMA, MICHIGAN, 2002-2004

CHEST Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 108S ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Gupta ◽  
Kenneth Rosenman ◽  
Sarah Lyon-Callo ◽  
Elizabeth Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Behavioral performance predicts grey matter reductions in the right inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with combined type ADHD

2010 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan E. Depue ◽  
Gregory C. Burgess ◽  
L. Cinnamon Bidwell ◽  
Erik G. Willcutt ◽  
Marie T. Banich
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Inter-ocular asymmetry of retinal parameters in Caucasian healthy children and young adults measured with optical coherence tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Zeyad Alzaben ◽  
◽  
Ahmad Zaben ◽  
Miguel A. Zapata ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Group Methods ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
Published Research

AIM: To evaluate retinal parameters in a sample of healthy young Caucasian adults to define the normal or physiological range of inter-ocular asymmetry in this particular age and ethnic group. METHODS: Study sample consisted of 37 Caucasian children and young adults aged between 12 and 23y (spherical equivalent from -3.00 D to +4.00 D, anisometropia <0.5 D and axial length differences <0.3 mm). Normal inter-ocular asymmetry values were determined and 95% inter-ocular difference tolerance values were obtained. RESULTS: Statistically significant inter-ocular differences were found in mean (P=0.003) and superior (P=0.008) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, as well as in central macular thickness (P=0.039), with larger values in the left eye in all instances, and with tolerance limits of inter-ocular asymmetry of -9.00 µm to 6.00 µm, -28.00 µm to 9 µm and -39.00 µm to 29.00 µm, respectively. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between males and females in mean thickness of the RNFL in the right eye (P=0.020). CONCLUSION: The exploration of the normal asymmetries of the retina may be an effective approach to further understand myopia onset and progression, which is particularly relevant in this age group. Differences in instrumentation and sample characteristics compromise direct comparison with published research and warrant the need for further studies.

scholarly journals Structural and effective brain connectivity underlying biological motion detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. E12034-E12042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arseny A. Sokolov ◽  
Peter Zeidman ◽  
Michael Erb ◽  
Philippe Ryvlin ◽  
Karl J. Friston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Motion ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The Right

The perception of actions underwrites a wide range of socio-cognitive functions. Previous neuroimaging and lesion studies identified several components of the brain network for visual biological motion (BM) processing, but interactions among these components and their relationship to behavior remain little understood. Here, using a recently developed integrative analysis of structural and effective connectivity derived from high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assess the cerebro-cerebellar network for processing of camouflaged point-light BM. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) informed by probabilistic tractography indicates that the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) serves as an integrator within the temporal module. However, the STS does not appear to be a “gatekeeper” in the functional integration of the occipito-temporal and frontal regions: The fusiform gyrus (FFG) and middle temporal cortex (MTC) are also connected to the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and insula, indicating multiple parallel pathways. BM-specific loops of effective connectivity are seen between the left lateral cerebellar lobule Crus I and right STS, as well as between the left Crus I and right insula. The prevalence of a structural pathway between the FFG and STS is associated with better BM detection. Moreover, a canonical variate analysis shows that the visual sensitivity to BM is best predicted by BM-specific effective connectivity from the FFG to STS and from the IFG, insula, and STS to the early visual cortex. Overall, the study characterizes the architecture of the cerebro-cerebellar network for BM processing and offers prospects for assessing the social brain.

scholarly journals The Involvement of Occipital and Inferior Frontal Cortex in the Phonological Learning of Chinese Characters

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1998-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Deng ◽  
Tai-li Chou ◽  
Guo-sheng Ding ◽  
Dan-ling Peng ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Phonological Learning ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Specific Learning

Neural changes related to the learning of the pronunciation of Chinese characters in English speakers were examined using fMRI. We examined the item-specific learning effects for trained characters and the generalization of phonetic knowledge to novel transfer characters that shared a phonetic radical (part of a character that gives a clue to the whole character's pronunciation) with trained characters. Behavioral results showed that shared phonetic information improved performance for transfer characters. Neuroimaging results for trained characters over learning found increased activation in the right lingual gyrus, and greater activation enhancement in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 44) was correlated with higher accuracy improvement. Moreover, greater activation for transfer characters in these two regions at the late stage of training was correlated with better knowledge of the phonetic radical in a delayed recall test. The current study suggests that the right lingual gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus are crucial for the learning of Chinese characters and the generalization of that knowledge to novel characters. Left inferior frontal gyrus is likely involved in phonological segmentation, whereas right lingual gyrus may subserve processing visual–orthographic information.

scholarly journals Regional structural-functional connectome coupling is heritable and associated with age, sex and cognition in adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijin Gu ◽  
Keith Wakefield Jamison ◽  
Mert Rory Sabuncu ◽  
Amy Kuceyeski
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTLarge scale white matter brain connections quantified via the structural connectome (SC) act as the backbone for the flow of functional activation, which can be represented via the functional connectome (FC). Many studies have used statistical analysis or computational modeling techniques to relate SC and FC at a global, whole-brain level. However, relatively few studies have investigated the relationship between individual cortical and subcortical regions’ structural and functional connectivity profiles, here called SC-FC coupling, or how this SC-FC coupling may be heritable or related to age, sex and cognitive abilities. Here, we quantify regional SC-FC coupling in a large group of healthy young adults (22 to 37 years) using diffusion-weighted MRI and resting-state functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project. We find that while regional SC-FC coupling strengths vary widely across cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions, they were strongest in highly myelinated visual and somatomotor areas. Additionally, SC-FC coupling displayed a broadly negative association with age and, depending on the region, varied across sexes and with cognitive scores. Specifically, males had higher coupling strength in right supramarginal gyrus and left cerebellar regions while females had higher coupling strength in right visual, right limbic and right cerebellar regions. Furthermore, increased SC-FC coupling in the right lingual gyrus was associated with worse cognitive scores. Finally, we found SC-FC coupling to be highly heritable, particularly in the visual, dorsal attention, and fronto-parietal networks, and, interestingly, more heritable than FC or SC alone. Taken together, these results suggest regional structure-function coupling in young adults decreases with age, varies across sexes in a non-systematic way, is somewhat associated with cognition and is highly heritable.

Children's Rights: What Children Think about them

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
Mary Nixon ◽  
Fatimah Haron
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Young People ◽  
Child Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Children’S Views ◽  
The Right

AbstractChild abuse and neglect can be thought of as violations of children's rights. Declarations of children's rights have been formulated by adults; they are intended to be internationally valid, but little attempt has been made to find out what children themselves think about their rights, in any country.This study compared the views of Malaysian children and young adults with those of Australians. In both countries the right to love, affection and understanding ranked highly. Few children ranked highly their rights to freedom from fear of harm, or to protection; young adults ranked them more highly than the children. Most young people perceived schools as holding views very different from their own on children's rights. If schools are to perform a useful function in preventing abuse and neglect, children's views of schools may need to change, perhaps through changes in the schools.

scholarly journals Altered amygdala effective connectivity in migraine without aura: evidence from resting‐state fMRI with Granger causality analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Huang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Cunnan Mao ◽  
Zhengfei Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Granger Causality Analysis

AbstractBackgroundGranger causality analysis (GCA) has been used to investigate the pathophysiology of migraine. Amygdala plays a key role in pain modulation of migraine attack. However, the detailed neuromechanism remained to be elucidated. We applied GCA to explore the amygdala-based directional effective connectivity in migraine without aura (MwoA) and to determine the relation with clinical characteristics.MethodsForty-five MwoA patients and forty age-, sex-, and years of education-matched healthy controls(HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Bilateral amygdala were used as seed regions in GCA to investigate directional effective connectivity and relation with migraine duration or attack frequency.ResultsMwoA patients showed significantly decreased effective connectivity from right amygdala to right superior temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus and right precentral gyrus compared with HCs. Furthermore, MwoA patients demonstrated significantly decreased effective connectivity from the left amygdala to the ipsilateral superior temporal gyrus. Also, MwoA patients showed enhanced effective connectivity from left inferior frontal gyrus to left amygdala. Effective connectivity outflow from right amygdala to right precentral gyrus was negatively correlated to disease duration.ConclusionsAltered directional effective connectivity of amygdala demonstrated that neurolimbic pain networks contribute to multisensory integration abnormalities and deficits in pain modulation of MwoA patients.

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