scholarly journals Simulating Visibility and Reading Performance in Low Vision

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Zi Xiong ◽  
Quan Lei ◽  
Aurélie Calabrèse ◽  
Gordon E. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Digital Text ◽  
Reading Acuity ◽  
Vision Simulation ◽  
Print Size ◽  
Better Than

PurposeLow vision reduces text visibility and causes difficulties in reading. A valid low-vision simulation could be used to evaluate the accessibility of digital text for readers with low vision. We examined the validity of a digital simulation for replicating the text visibility and reading performance of low-vision individuals.MethodsLow-vision visibility was modeled with contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) with parameters to represent reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity. Digital filtering incorporating these CSFs were applied to digital versions of the Lighthouse Letter Acuity Chart and the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart. Reading performance (reading acuity, critical print size, and maximum reading speed) was assessed with filtered versions of the MNREAD reading acuity Chart. Thirty-six normally sighted young adults completed chart testing under normal and simulated low-vision conditions. Fifty-eight low-vision subjects (thirty with macular pathology and twenty-eight with non-macular pathology) and fifteen normally sighted older subjects completed chart testing with their habitual viewing. We hypothesized that the performance of the normally sighted young adults under simulated low-vision conditions would match the corresponding performance of actual low-vision subjects.ResultsWhen simulating low-vision conditions with visual acuity better than 1.50 logMAR (Snellen 20/630) and contrast sensitivity better than 0.15 log unit, the simulation adequately reduced the acuity and contrast sensitivity in normally sighted young subjects to the desired low-vision levels. When performing the MNREAD test with simulated low vision, the normally sighted young adults had faster maximum reading speed than both the Non-macular and Macular groups, by an average of 0.07 and 0.12 log word per minute, respectively. However, they adequately replicated the reading acuity as well as the critical print size, up to 2.00 logMAR of both low-vision groups.ConclusionA low-vision simulation based on clinical measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity can provide good estimates of reading performance and the accessibility of digital text for a broad range of low-vision conditions.

The effects of amblyopia on children’s reading performance after patching treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212199824
Author(s):  
Arthur Gustavo Fernandes ◽  
Nívea Nunes Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Reading Speed ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reading Acuity ◽  
Fellow Eye ◽  
Children's Reading ◽  
Print Size ◽  
Children’S Reading ◽  
Better Than

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of amblyopia on children’s reading performance after the successful patching treatment with 20/20 visual acuity (VA) in the treated eye. Methods: The treated amblyopes group included 10 children with strabismic amblyopia diagnosed on the first visit presenting VA equal or better than 0.0 logMAR (20/20 Snellen) in the better vision eye and VA worse than 0.2 logMAR (20/32 Snellen) in the worse eye that underwent patching treatment of amblyopia reaching a final VA  equal to  0.0 logMAR in the treated eye. The control group comprised 10 children matched by age, gender and school-grade with no visual disorders. Reading performance was evaluated according to reading acuity (RA), critical print size (CPS), reading speed (RS) at 0.7 logMAR, and maximum reading speed (MRS) using the MNREAD chart. Results: Binocular reading performance was compared between groups and no statistically significant differences were found on RA, CPS, RS, or MRS ( p > 0.05). When analyzing monocular reading performances of treated amblyopes, a worse RA ( p = 0.04) and CPS ( p = 0.04) were observed on the previously amblyopic eye when compared to the fellow eye. When comparing the fellow eye from treated amblyopes and a randomly selected eye from controls, no statistically significant differences on RA, CPS, RS, or MRS were found ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that even patients who reached 20/20 VA in the treated eye after patching treatment for amblyopia may present persistent impaired reading performance. These findings reinforce the importance of reading performance testing as a tool when evaluating the visual function development in amblyopic patients.

scholarly journals Reconciling print-size and display-size constraints on reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30276-30284
Author(s):  
Nilsu Atilgan ◽  
Ying-Zi Xiong ◽  
Gordon E. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Display Size ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Size Constraints ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Dual Constraints ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Print Size

Two fundamental constraints limit the number of characters in text that can be displayed at one time—print size and display size. These dual constraints conflict in two important situations—when people with normal vision read text on small digital displays, and when people with low vision read magnified text. Here, we describe a unified framework for evaluating the joint impact of these constraints on reading performance. We measured reading speed as a function of print size for three digital formats (laptop, tablet, and cellphone) for 30 normally sighted and 10 low-vision participants. Our results showed that a minimum number of characters per line is required to achieve a criterion of 80% of maximum reading speed: 13 characters for normally sighted and eight characters for low-vision readers. This critical number of characters is nearly constant across font and display format. Possible reasons for this required number of characters are discussed. Combining these character count constraints with the requirements for adequate print size reveals that an individual’s use of a small digital display or the need for magnified print can shrink or entirely eliminate the range of print size necessary for achieving maximum reading speed.

scholarly journals Increased letter spacing and greater letter width improve reading acuity in low vision readers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Beier ◽  
Chiron A. T. Oderkerk ◽  
Birte Bay ◽  
Michael Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Reading Acuity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Print Size

Abstract Low vision readers depend on magnification, but magnification reduces the amount of text that can be overviewed and hampers text navigation. In this study, we evaluate the effects that font variations letter spacing, letter width, and letter boldness have on low vision reading. We tested 20 low-vision patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and used the Radner Reading Chart, which measures reading acuity (logRAD), maximum reading speed, and critical print size. The results demonstrated a small, but measurable effect of letter spacing and letter width on reading acuity near critical font sizes.

scholarly journals Post audio-visual biofeedback training visual functions and quality of life in paediatric idiopathic infantile nystagmus: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212199104
Author(s):  
Monica Daibert-Nido ◽  
Yulia Pyatova ◽  
Michelle Markowitz ◽  
Maryam Taheri-Shirazi ◽  
Samuel N Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Infantile Nystagmus ◽  
Fixation Stability ◽  
Better Than

Purpose: Biofeedback training (BT) was adapted to idiopathic infantile nystagmus syndrome (IINS) cases to enhance visual functions and quality of life (QoL). Methods: 10 patients (age 9 ± 3.2 years) treated with the audio-visual BT module of the MAIA microperimeter (Centervue, Padova, Italy) were assessed in two baseline visits and 1week post-BT (BT 80 min in total). The outcomes were distance and near binocular best corrected visual acuity (BBCVA), fixation stability, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis and Children’s Visual Function Questionnaire. One-way repeated measured ANOVA and paired t-tests were used. Results: Distance BBCVA improved from 0.46 ± 0.21 and 0.43 ± 0.18 pre-BT to 0.33 ± 0.2 logMAR post-BT ( F (2,27) = 13.75, p = 0.0002). Post-BT was better than baseline ( p = 0.0001) and pre-BT ( p = 0.001). Near BBCVA improved from 0.23 ± 0.09 and 0.21 ± 0.14 pre-BT to 0.04 ± 0.08 post-BT (F (2,27) = 22.12, p = 0.000014), post-BT was better than baseline ( p = 0.0001) and pre-BT ( p = 0.0006). Stereopsis improved from 283 ± 338″ to 39 ± 32.2″ ( p = 0.04), contrast sensitivity from 0.26 ± 0.17 to 0.08 ± 0.12 log units ( p = 0.01), and reading speed improved from 74.7 ± 51.2 wpm to 104.7 ± 53.6 wpm ( p = 0.0006). Fixation stability improved from 33.6 ± 28.1 to 14.3 ± 10.1 sq. QoL increased from 23.8 ± 2.2 to 26.3 ± 2.3 units ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: BT benefited all visual functions and QoL in this pilot study, heralding a new possibility for Low Vision Rehabilitation in IINS.

Relative-size Magnification versus Relative-distance Magnification: Effect on the Reading Performance of Adults with Normal and Low Vision

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 433-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lovie-Kitchin ◽  
Steve Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Optical Correction ◽  
Character Size ◽  
Print Size ◽  
Reading Distance ◽  
Magnification Effect

In the study reported here, the effect of character size on the reading rates of adults with normal and low vision was measured using both relative-size magnification (by which the print size is increased) and relative-distance magnification (by which the reading distance is decreased with appropriate optical correction). With relative-distance magnification, the reading rates of the subjects with normal vision were slower at close distances, but the results were small and inconsistent. For the subjects with low vision, the magnification method did not affect their reading rates.

Does Inverting Text Improve Reading Performance in Homonymous Hemianopes?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
M R Baker ◽  
J Henderson ◽  
A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
The Right

Anecdotal information from rehabilitation practice of reading performance and low-vision practice suggests that where right homonymous parafoveal field loss impairs reading at the visual-sensory level, an improvement in reading speed can be achieved by inverting the text. This is because whilst left-field loss is considered to impair return eye movements to the beginning of a line, right-field loss is considered to reduce the spatial size of the perceptual window and increase its temporal extent by prolonging fixations times, reducing the amplitudes of saccades to the right, and introducing frequent regressive saccades. Inverting the text was thought to reverse these effects as the leading edge of the perceptual window is ‘returned’ to the sighted field so that in-line saccades can be visually guided. Here we report that this does not appear to be the case. In our study we measured the eye movements of patients with right homonymous hemianopia and others with peripheral loss due to retinitis pigmentosa as well as normal controls using an infrared video eye-tracker. All groups display a similar proportional prolongation of fixations times, reduction of saccadic amplitude, and proportion of regressive saccades when asked to read inverted text, which suggests a cognitive component of impairment independent of visual field loss in right homonymous hemianopes.

scholarly journals Reading performances of low vision children after using low vision aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Zorica Toncic ◽  
Natasa Jovovic ◽  
Nada Sakotic ◽  
Veselinka Milovic ◽  
Katarina Janicijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Optic Nerve Atrophy ◽  
Stargardt Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction/Objective. The objectives of the paper are to assess the causes of low vision (LV) in pediatric population in Montenegro and to evaluate the influence of low vision aids (LVA) on reading performance regarding the speed of reading and the understanding of the read text. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 40 ?treatable? LV children what represent all registered LV children in Montenegro. All participants read the same text before and after using LVA. Reading rate was calculated as the number of words read per minute. Functional speed of reading was calculated as the ratio of the rate of reading and the understanding of the read text multiplied by 100. Results. The study comprised 40 LV children with the mean age of 12.60 ? 4.06 years (20 boys and 20 girls). The most common cause of LV in children were premature retinopathy (10/40 or 25%), retinitis pigmentosa (8/40 or 20%), optic nerve anomaly (5/40 or 13%), degenerative myopia (4/40 or 10%), macular dysgenesis (4/40 or 10%), Stargardt disease (3/40 or 7%), optic nerve atrophy (2/40 or 5%), and albinism (2/40 or 5%). Nystagmus was found in 11 LV children or 28% of the group. LVA were prescribed to all of them. Reading speed before vs. after LVA use was 36.58 ? 35.60 vs. 73.83 ? 27.05 words/minute (p < 0.001), while functional reading was 26.00 ? 30.43 vs. 59.41 ? 29.34 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. LV children demonstrate a significant improvement in reading performance by using LVA.

Understanding the Relationships between Print Size and Reading in Low Vision

2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Bailey ◽  
Amanda Hall Lueck ◽  
Robert B. Greer ◽  
Kuang Mon Tuan ◽  
Valerie M. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
Reading Behaviors ◽  
Print Size

This article presents conceptual models of relationships between print size and reading speed and preferred viewing distances. These models illustrate how various factors can influence reading behaviors and influence decisions about the optimal angular size of print and resolution reserve.

scholarly journals Introduction of a digital near-vision reading test for normal and low vision adults: development and validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Labiris ◽  
Eirini-Kanella Panagiotopoulou ◽  
Eleftherios Chatzimichael ◽  
Maria Tzinava ◽  
Asimina Mataftsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Reading Acuity ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Background MNREAD is an advanced near-vision acuity chart that has already been translated and validated in Greek language. Considering that no validated Greek digital near-vision test exists, our primary objective was to develop and validate a digital near-vision reading test based on the fundamental properties of the Greek printed MNREAD (MNREAD-GR). Methods This is a prospective, comparative study. A digital near-vision chart was developed (Democritus Digital Acuity Reading Test – DDART) with text size calibration, audio recording for automatic reading timing, as well as automatic calculation of reading acuity (RA), maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS) and reading accessibility index (ACC). Normal and low vision subjects participated in the validation process, responding to MNREAD-GR and DDART at the same day, at a 40 cm viewing distance. Differences in all parameters between the charts were compared with t-test and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Within 15 days, all participants responded again to DDART in a different set of sentences to assess its test-retest reliability. Results One hundred patients (normal vision group - NVG: 70 patients; low vision group - LVG: 30 patients) responded to both reading tests. Non-significant differences were detected for all parameters between DDART and MNREAD-GR except for MRS and ACC that were significantly higher in MNREAD-GR in NVG (p <  0.01). NVG participants demonstrated sufficient ICCs that ranged from 0.854 to 0.963, while LVG demonstrated ICCs for RA, ACC, MRS and CPS equal to 0.986, 0.894, 0.794 and 0.723, respectively. All parameters calculated with DDART demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICCs: 0.903 – 0.956). Conclusions The proposed reading test presented comparable validity and repeatability to MNREAD-GR suggesting that it can be used both in normal and low vision Greek patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04242836. Registered 24 January 2020 – Retrospectively registered.

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