scholarly journals A 1-Minute Re-warm Up at High-Intensity Improves Sprint Performance During the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Yanaoka ◽  
Risa Iwata ◽  
Akane Yoshimura ◽  
Norikazu Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Test List ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

Although a 3- to 7-min re-warm up (RW) elicits performance and physiological benefits after half-time (HT), a time-efficient and feasible RW protocol is required for the use of an RW in the athletic setting. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 1-min RW at high-intensity on the performance and physiological responses during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST). In a randomized and counterbalanced cross-over design, 12 male amateur intermittent team sports players (soccer, basketball, handball, and lacrosse; age, 22 ± 2 years; height, 1.70 ± 0.08 m; body mass, 65.1 ± 8.3 kg; body mass index, 22.4 ± 1.9 kg m−2; VO2max, 53.5 ± 4.5 ml kg−1 min−1) performed the LIST. The LIST comprised two 45-min halves separated by a 15-min HT. Each half comprised repetitions of exercise cycles consisting of 3 × 20-m walking, 1 × 20-m maximal sprint, 3 × 20-m jogging, and 3 × 20-m running. During the HT, the participants were assigned to a control trial (CON; 15-min seated rest) or an RW trial (1-min running at 90% of the maximal oxygen uptake after a 14-min seated rest). Compared to the CON, the RW prevents reductions in sprint performance at the fourth and sixth periods of the LIST (fourth: 2.4%, p = 0.002, d = 1.68, sixth: 3.6%, p = 0.012, d = 1.74) and a decrement of gastrointestinal temperature during HT (0.5°C, p = 0.010, d = 1.41). Moreover, the RW decreased the electromyogram amplitude of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) after HT (12%, p = 0.017, d = 1.12) without a decrease of maximal voluntary contraction force, suggesting an increased neuromuscular efficiency (9%, p = 0.048, d = 0.58). The RW also increased the mean heart rate in the initial part of the second half (4 bpm, p = 0.016, d = 0.38). In conclusion, the RW improved sprint performance, core temperature, muscle activation, and heart rate in the second half of the LIST. The findings suggest that the RW should be recommended for intermittent team sports players when longer RWs are not possible.

Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Havemann ◽  
S. J. West ◽  
J. H. Goedecke ◽  
I. A. Macdonald ◽  
A. St Clair Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sympathetic Activation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on substrate utilization, heart rate variability (HRV), effort perception [rating or perceived exertion (RPE)], muscle recruitment [electromyograph (EMG)], and performance during a 100-km cycling time trial. In this randomized single-blind crossover study, eight well-trained cyclists completed two trials, ingesting either a high-CHO diet (HCD) (68% CHO energy) or an isoenergetic HFD (68% fat energy) for 6 days, followed by 1 day of CHO loading (8–10 g CHO/kg). Subjects completed a 100-km time trial on day 1 and a 1-h cycle at 70% of peak oxygen consumption on days 3, 5, and 7, during which resting HRV and resting and exercising respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. On day 8, subjects completed a 100-km performance time trial, during which blood samples were drawn and EMG was recorded. Ingestion of the HFD reduced RER at rest ( P < 0.005) and during exercise ( P < 0.01) and increased plasma free fatty acid levels ( P < 0.01), indicating increased fat utilization. There was a tendency for the low-frequency power component of HRV to be greater for HFD-CHO ( P = 0.056), suggestive of increased sympathetic activation. Overall 100-km time-trial performance was not different between diets; however, 1-km sprint power output after HFD-CHO was lower ( P < 0.05) compared with HCD-CHO. Despite a reduced power output with HFD-CHO, RPE, heart rate, and EMG were not different between trials. In conclusion, the HFD-CHO dietary strategy increased fat oxidation, but compromised high intensity sprint performance, possibly by increased sympathetic activation or altered contractile function.

The Effect of 45 Minutes of Soccer-Specific Exercise on the Performance of Soccer Skills

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keeron J. Stone ◽  
Jonathan L. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Test List ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Point Score ◽  
Soccer Match ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

Purpose:The aim of the study was to examine the effect of fatigue, developed during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise, on the performance of soccer shooting and dribbling skill.Methods:Nine semiprofessional soccer players with a mean age of 20.7 ± 1.4 years volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed a slalom dribble test and the Loughborough Soccer Shooting Test (LSST), before and directly following the performance of three 15-min bouts of a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST).Results:Mean heart rates and mean 15-m sprint times remained unchanged across the three bouts of the LIST. Following the LIST slalom dribbling time increased significantly by 4.5 ± 4.0% (P = .009), while the mean total points scored during the LSST was significantly reduced by 7.6 ± 7.0 points (P = .012). When fatigued the frequency of shots in the LSST achieving the highest score of 5 points was reduced by 47% while the frequency of shots achieving the lowest 0 point score increased by 85%.Conclusion:Results show that while 45 min of exercise caused no decrements in sprint performance there were significant reductions in the ability to perform soccer-specific skills. Both the speed (dribbling time) and accuracy (shot performance) with which soccer-specific skills were executed was impaired following exercise replicating one-half of a soccer match.

scholarly journals A High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Thermal Strain But Does Not Affect Repeated Sprint Performance in Athletes With a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thomas J. O’Brien ◽  
Simon J. Briley ◽  
Barry S. Mason ◽  
Christof A. Leicht ◽  
Keith Tolfrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Wheelchair Rugby ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Cord Injury

Purpose: To compare the effects of typical competition versus high-intensity intermittent warm-up (WU) on thermoregulatory responses and repeated sprint performance during wheelchair rugby game play. Methods: An intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) simulating the demands of wheelchair rugby was performed by male wheelchair rugby players (7 with cervical spinal cord injury [SCI] and 8 without SCI) following 2 WU protocols. These included a typical competition WU (control) and a WU consisting of high-intensity efforts (INT). Core temperature (Tcore), thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were recorded. Wheelchair performance variables associated to power, speed, and fatigue were also calculated. Results: During the WU, Tcore was similar between conditions for both groups. During the ISP, a higher Tcore was found for SCI compared to NON-SCI (38.1 [0.3] vs 37.7 [0.3] °C: P = .036, d = 0.75), and the SCI group experienced a higher peak Tcore for INT compared with control (39.0 [0.4] vs 38.6 [0.6] °C; P = .004). Peak Tcore occurred later in the ISP for players with SCI (96 [5.8] vs 48 [2.7] min; P < .001). All players reported a higher thermal sensation and thermal comfort following INT (P < .001), with no differences between conditions throughout the ISP. No significant differences were found in wheelchair performance variables during the ISP between conditions (P ≥ .143). Conclusions: The high-INT WU increased thermal strain in the SCI group during the ISP, potentially due to increased metabolic heat production and impaired thermoregulation, while not impacting on repeated sprint performance. It may be advisable to limit high-INT bouts during a WU in players with SCI to mitigate issues related to hyperthermia in subsequent performance.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Validity of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (Borg and OMNI Scales) in an Indoor Cycling Session

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

Abstract The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine the intensity of an indoor cycling session; 2) to know the correlation between the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales (Borg and OMNI) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) with categories; and 3) to evaluate the validity of RPE scales (Borg and OMNI) with respect to the heart rate (HR) and %HRR. A total of fifty-three subjects, 25 males and 28 females (ages: 28.79 ± 6.04 years; body height: 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 69.59 ± 13.69 kg) were recruited from a private fitness club. All subjects performed the same predesigned indoor cycling session with a total duration of 50 minutes. During the experimental trial, the HR was recorded every 5 s. The Borg 6-20 RPE and OMNI 0-10 scales were used to assess perceived exertion in each phase. The average HR in the cardiovascular phase was 152.24 ± 14.11 b•min-1, the %HRR was 80.62 ± 7.10; and the overall RPE (Borg and OMNI scales) was 14.94 ± 1.11 and 7.18 ± 0.79 points, respectively. The correlation between an average HR and %HRR with Borg and OMNI scales was lower than r = 0.4 (p < 0.05). The correlation value between the Borg and the OMNI RPE scales was r = 0.82 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that indoor cycling elicits effort of high intensity which could be inappropriate for some participants. The Borg and OMNI scales showed a low validity to quantify the intensity performed in indoor cycling sessions. It indicates the necessity to control the intensity of effort with other instruments to improve efficacy and decrease the risk of overload in this activity.

The Effect of High Carbohydrate Meals with Different Glycemic Indices on Recovery of Performance during Prolonged Intermittent High-Intensity Shuttle Running

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Erith ◽  
Clyde Williams ◽  
Emma Stevenson ◽  
Siobhan Chamberlain ◽  
Pippa Crews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Test List ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Glycemic Indices ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

This study examined the effect of high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices (GI) on recovery of performance during prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running. Seven male semi-professional soccer players (age 23 ± 2 y, body mass [BM] 73.7 ± 9.0 kg and maximal oxygen uptake 58 ± 1.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1) participated in two trials in a randomized cross-over design. On day 1, the subjects performed 90 min of an intermittent high-intensity shuttle running protocol [Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST)]. They then consumed a mixed high carbohydrate recovery diet (8 g/kg BM) consisting of either high (HGI) (GI: 70) or low (LGI) (GI: 35) GI foods. Twenty-two hours later (day 2) the subjects completed 75 min of the LIST (part A) followed by alternate sprinting and jogging to fatigue (part B). No differences were found between trials in time to fatigue (HGI 25.3 ± 4.0 min vs. LGI 22.9 ± 5.6 min, P = 0.649). Similarly, no differences were found between trials for sprint performance and distance covered during part B of the LIST. In conclusion, the GI of the diet during the 22 h recovery did not affect sprint and endurance performance the following day.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Training Interventions on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors in Young and Middle-Aged Adults: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Grässler ◽  
Beatrice Thielmann ◽  
Irina Böckelmann ◽  
Anita Hökelmann
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Training Interventions

Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variation of adjacent heartbeats, is an indicator of the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Increased HRV reflects well-functioning of autonomic control mechanism and cardiovascular health. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a systematic overview of the effects of different physical training modalities on resting HRV and cardiovascular health and risk factors (i.e., baroreflex sensitivity, body fat, body mass, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate recovery, VO2 max, and VO2 peak) in young and middle-aged (mean age of the studies samples up to 44 years), healthy adults.Methods: A systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Studies investigating the effects of different physical interventions (endurance, resistance, high-intensity, coordinative, or multimodal training) on HRV were included. Trials were considered eligible if the intervention lasted for at least 4 weeks and participants were regarded as general healthy. Five electronic databases were searched from 2005 to September 8th, 2020. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed by two study quality and reporting assessment scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020206606.Results: Of 3,991 retrieved records, 26 were considered eligible and analyzed. Twelve studies used an endurance training (of which three included high-intensity sessions), six studies resistance training, four studies coordinative training, two studies high-intensity training, and two studies used a multimodal intervention. Overall, the results showed for all types of intervention an improvement in linear and non-linear HRV parameters and cardiovascular health and risk factors. However, quality assessment revealed some methodological and reporting deficits.Conclusion: This systematic review highlights the benefits of different types of physical training interventions on autonomic function and health parameters in young and middle-aged, healthy adults. In conclusion, higher training intensities and frequencies are more likely to improve HRV. For future studies, we recommend adhering to the criteria of methodological standards of exercise interventions and HRV measurements and encourage the use of non-linear HRV parameters.

The Effects of Performing Mental Exertion during Cycling Exercise on Fatigue Indices

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 846-857
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Barzegarpoor ◽  
Hamid Amoozi ◽  
Hamid Rajabi ◽  
Duane Button ◽  
Rana Fayazmilani
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mental Exertion

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of performing prolonged mental exertion during submaximal cycling exercise on exercise tolerance and fatigue. Participants performed 5 experimental sessions. Session 1: determination of cycling peak power output. Sessions 2 and 3: cycling to exhaustion at 65% peak power output with mental exertion or watching a movie. Sessions 4 and 5: cycling for 45 min at 65% peak power output with mental exertion or while watching a movie. During sessions 2–5, rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded while cycling and cortisol and prolactin concentrations, psychomotor vigilance task performance, and maximal voluntary contraction were measured pre-and post-sessions. During sessions 2 and 3, time to exhaustion was reduced (p<0.01) and rate of perceived exertion was increased (p<0.01) in session 2 compared to 3. Cortisol, prolactin and heart rate increased and psychomotor vigilance task and maximal voluntary contraction decreased from pre-to post-sessions with no difference between sessions. Cortisol, prolactin and rate of perceived exertion were higher (p<0.03) in session 4 than 5. Heart rate increased and maximal voluntary contraction decreased from pre-to post-sessions with no difference between sessions. Prolonged mental exertion during cycling exercise reduces exercise tolerance, which appears to be mediated psychologically rather than physiologically.

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Static Handgrip Exercise of Different Intensities: Reliability and Adult versus Child Differences

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
D. Eric Martin ◽  
Eric D. Marvin ◽  
Kelley S. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Static Exercise ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

To determine the reliability of cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise of different intensities, and to compare adult versus child responses, 27 boys (7–9 years old) and 27 men (18–26 years old) performed static handgrip exercise at 10, 20, and 30% of previously determined maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for three min each on different days, while heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. HR reliability was moderately high at all intensities in both boys and men ranging from R = 0.52–0.87. BP reliability was moderate in men and boys at 30% MVC while at 10% and 20% MVC reliability was very low for boys and only moderate for men. HR response from pre- to 3-min of static exercise was not different between boys versus men at any intensity. At 30% MVC diastolic (20.2 vs. 29.3 mmHg), systolic (17.4 vs. 36.2 mmHg) and mean (19.2 vs. 31.6 mmHg) BP responses were lower in boys versus men, respectively. At 20% MVC SBP (6.8 vs. 14.3 mmHg) and MBP (8.4 vs. 12.6 mmHg) responses were lower in boys versus men, respectively. In conclusion, the reliability of cardiovascular response to isometric exercise is low at low contraction intensities and moderate at higher contraction intensities. Further, BP response in men at 30% MVC is higher than boys, while responses are similar at lower contraction intensities.

scholarly journals Strength Training Prior to Endurance Exercise: Impact on the Neuromuscular System, Endurance Performance and Cardiorespiratory Responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Conceição ◽  
Eduardo Lusa Cadore ◽  
Miriam González-Izal ◽  
Mikel Izquierdo ◽  
Giane Veiga Liedtke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽  
Training Protocol

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of two strength-training protocols on the neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory responses during endurance exercise. Thirteen young males (23.2 ± 1.6 years old) participated in this study. The hypertrophic strength-training protocol was composed of 6 sets of 8 squats at 75% of maximal dynamic strength. The plyometric strength-training protocol was composed of 6 sets of 8 jumps performed with the body weight as the workload. Endurance exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at a power corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold until exhaustion. Before and after each protocol, a maximal voluntary contraction was performed, and the rate of force development and electromyographic parameters were assessed. After the hypertrophic strengthtraining and plyometric strength-training protocol, significant decreases were observed in the maximal voluntary contraction and rate of force development, whereas no changes were observed in the electromyographic parameters. Oxygen uptake and a heart rate during endurance exercise were not significantly different among the protocols. However, the time-to-exhaustion was significantly higher during endurance exercise alone than when performed after hypertrophic strength-training or plyometric strength-training (p <0.05). These results suggest that endurance performance may be impaired when preceded by strength-training, with no oxygen uptake or heart rate changes during the exercise.

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