Ten Years of Pediatric Lung Ultrasound: A Narrative Review

Lung diseases are the most common conditions in newborns, infants, and children and are also the primary cause of death in children younger than 5 years old. Traditionally, the lung was not thought to be a target for an ultrasound due to its inability to penetrate the gas-filled anatomical structures. With the deepening of knowledge on ultrasound in recent years, it is now known that the affected lung produces ultrasound artifacts resulting from the abnormal tissue/gas/tissue interface when ultrasound sound waves penetrate lung tissue. Over the years, the application of lung ultrasound (LUS) has changed and its main indications in the pediatric population have expanded. This review analyzed the studies on lung ultrasound in pediatrics, published from 2010 to 2020, with the aim of highlighting the usefulness of LUS in pediatrics. It also described the normal and abnormal appearances of the pediatric lung on ultrasound as well as the benefits, limitations, and possible future challenges of this modality.

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Lung ultrasound in the evaluation of interstitial lung diseases

Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound ◽

10.1055/s-0036-1587790 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

N Buda ◽

M Piskunowicz ◽

M Porzezińska ◽

W Kosiak ◽

Z Zdrojewski

Keyword(s):

Lung Diseases ◽

Lung Ultrasound ◽

Interstitial Lung Diseases

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Lung Ultrasound Imaging, a Technical Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10020462 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 462 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Libertario Demi ◽

Thomas Egan ◽

Marie Muller

Keyword(s):

Ultrasound Imaging ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Lung Ultrasound ◽

Historical Overview ◽

Ultrasound Method ◽

Technical Review ◽

Technical Developments ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Physical Phenomena

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a growing and fascinating field of application for ultrasound imaging. Despite the difficulties in imaging an organ largely filled with air, the potential benefits originating from an effective ultrasound method focusing on monitoring and diagnosing lung diseases represent a tremendous stimulus for research in this direction. This paper presents a technical review where, after a brief historical overview, the current limitations of LUS imaging are discussed together with a description of the physical phenomena at stake. Next, the paper focuses on the latest technical developments of LUS.

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Pediatric Lung Transplantation: Perspectives for the Pathologist

Pediatric and Developmental Pathology ◽

10.2350/07-09-0347.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 85-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Megan K. Dishop ◽

George B. Mallory ◽

Frances V. White

Keyword(s):

Lung Transplantation ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Adult Population ◽

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome ◽

Pulmonary Vascular Disease ◽

Pathologic Evaluation ◽

Routine Surveillance ◽

Pediatric Pathologist ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Cellular Rejection

Lung transplantation offers life-saving and life-extending treatment for children and adolescents with congenital and acquired forms of pulmonary and pulmonary vascular disease, for whom medical therapy is ineffective or insufficient for sustained response. This review summarizes the pathology related to lung transplantation for the practicing pediatric pathologist and also highlights aspects of lung transplantation unique to the pediatric population. Clinical issues related to availability of organs, candidate eligibility, surgical technique, and postoperative monitoring are discussed. Pathologic evaluation of routine surveillance transbronchial biopsies requires attention to acute cellular rejection, opportunistic infection, and other forms of acute and resolving lung injury. These findings are correlated in some cases with endobronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage as adjunctive tools in surveillance. Open or thoracoscopic biopsies also have diagnostic utility in cases with acute or chronic graft deterioration of uncertain etiology. Future challenges in pediatric lung transplantation are similar to those in the adult population, with continued efforts focused on prolonging graft survival, prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome due to chronic cellular rejection, and evaluation of humoral rejection.

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Certification of Vehicular Hyperthermia Deaths in the Pediatric Population

Academic Forensic Pathology ◽

10.23907/2016.061 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 657-662

Author(s):

Reade A. Quinton

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Clinical History ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Manner Of Death ◽

Autopsy Findings ◽

Scene Investigation ◽

Medical Examiners ◽

In Infants And Children

The investigation of vehicular hyperthermia deaths in infants and children requires coordination between the autopsy, clinical history, and scene investigation. Unfortunately, autopsy findings can be limited or nonspecific, clinical history may be unavailable, and details concerning ambient temperature and vehicular temperature may be vague. In cases where hyperthermia is established as the cause of death, the certification of manner of death can be challenging and inconsistent among medical examiners. This article provides an overview of vehicular hyperthermia deaths and the certification of cause and manner of death in these cases.

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Volumetric Imaging of Lung Tissue at Micrometer Resolution: Clinical Applications of Micro-CT for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Diseases

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11112075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2075

Author(s):

Andreana Bompoti ◽

Andreas S. Papazoglou ◽

Dimitrios V. Moysidis ◽

Nikolaos Otountzidis ◽

Efstratios Karagiannidis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Human Lung ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Ct Imaging ◽

Micro Ct ◽

Volumetric Imaging ◽

Scoping Reviews

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a promising novel medical imaging modality that allows for non-destructive volumetric imaging of surgical tissue specimens at high spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the clinical applications of micro-CT for the tissue-based diagnosis of lung diseases. This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, aiming to include every clinical study reporting on micro-CT imaging of human lung tissues. A literature search yielded 570 candidate articles, out of which 37 were finally included in the review. Of the selected studies, 9 studies explored via micro-CT imaging the morphology and anatomy of normal human lung tissue; 21 studies investigated microanatomic pulmonary alterations due to obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis; and 7 studies examined the utility of micro-CT imaging in assessing lung cancer lesions (n = 4) or in transplantation-related pulmonary alterations (n = 3). The selected studies reported that micro-CT could successfully detect several lung diseases providing three-dimensional images of greater detail and resolution than routine optical slide microscopy, and could additionally provide valuable volumetric insight in both restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. In conclusion, micro-CT-based volumetric measurements and qualitative evaluations of pulmonary tissue structures can be utilized for the clinical management of a variety of lung diseases. With micro-CT devices becoming more accessible, the technology has the potential to establish itself as a core diagnostic imaging modality in pathology and to enable integrated histopathologic and radiologic assessment of lung cancer and other lung diseases.

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ANTIOXIDANT-VITAMIN C: LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG CANCER

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13699 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Mazahar Farooqui ◽

Rajendra Pardeshi ◽

Santosh Jadhav

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Lung Function ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Daily Life ◽

Antioxidant Vitamin ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

The Relationship ◽

Lung Tissue Damage

ABSTRACT Non-enzymatic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays an important role in the medicinal field and acts as antioxidants use in fruits and vegetable such as lemon, orange, grapes, carrots, tomatoes, grapefruit, beans, broccoli, and mangos. It helps to prevent and stop of various diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, and wheezing and finding an antibronchospastic effect. Other factors such as diet have also been implicated in the development of lung cancer. Despite the extensive research conducted in this area, the relationship between diet and lung cancer is still not clear. Diets high in fat and low in vegetables and fruits may increase the risk of lung cancer and other fact eating of tobacco and smoking of cigarette. Lung tissue damage due to high levels of free radicals in cigarette smoke causes direct (tissue oxidation) and indirect (release of oxidizing agents and enzymes). Vitamin C is necessary for phagocytosis. It plays a significant role in daily life, dietary system like eating food, vegetable and smoking of cigarette. It helps to prevent or stop the damage the lung tissue/or cause lung cancer. The present review studied that application of vitamin C act as antioxidant in lung cancer like diseases such as lung-cancer and role in lung function. Keywords: Review, Non-enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin C), Lung function, Lung diseases.

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Constitutive Equations for the Lung Tissue

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3138435 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 374-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Y. Lanir

Keyword(s):

Lung Tissue ◽

Constitutive Equations ◽

Material Characterization ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Present Model ◽

Mechanical Response ◽

Stochastic Approach ◽

Present Theory ◽

Structural Parameter ◽

Alveolar Wall

The mechanical behavior of the lung tissue (expressed by its constitutive equations) has considerable influence on the normal and pathological function of the lung. It determines the stress field in the tissue, thus affecting the impedence and energy consumption during breathing as well as the localization of certain lung diseases. The lung tissue has a complex mechanical response. It arises from the tissue’s structure—a cluster of a very large number of closely packed airsacks (alveoli) and air ducts. Each of the alveoli has a shape of irregular polyhedron. It is bounded by the alveolar wall membrane. In the present study, a stochastic approach to the tissue’s structure will be employed. The density distribution function of the membrane’s orientation in space is considered as the predominant structural parameter. Based on this model the present theory relates the behavior of both the alveolar membrane and that of its liquid interface to the tissue’s general constitutive properties. The resulting equations allow for anisotropic and visco-elastic effects. A protocol for material characterization along the present model is proposed as well. The methodology of the present theory is quite general and can be similarly used with other structural models of the lung tissue (e.g., models in which the effect of the alveolar ducts is included).

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Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in cats

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/15473317-32-2-153 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 153-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

RD Welsh

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽

Common Disease ◽

Bacterial Cultures

Eleven cats from 10 different households or catteries were diagnosed with Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) infections. Seven cases proved fatal, in which B. bronchiseptica pneumonia was a primary or significant cause of death. The majority of cases (seven of 11) were in kittens less than eight weeks old. A universal complaint was coughing. Bacterial cultures from transtracheal washes or lung tissue were successful in diagnosing bordetellosis in all cases. This report indicates that B. bronchiseptica should be a consideration in a cat presenting with a primary complaint of coughing and may be a relatively common disease in catteries or shelter environments.

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