scholarly journals Elbow Joint Angles in Elbow Flexor Unilateral Resistance Exercise Training Determine Its Effects on Muscle Strength and Thickness of Trained and Non-trained Arms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Riku Yoshida ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Joint Training ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

The present study compared two unilateral arm curl resistance exercise protocols with a different starting and finishing elbow joint angle in the same ROM for changes in elbow flexors strength and muscle thickness of the trained and non-trained arms. Thirty-two non-resistance trained young adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: extended joint training (0°–50°; EXT, n = 12); flexed joint training (80°–130°; FLE, n = 12); and non-training control (n = 8). The exercise training was performed by the dominant arms twice a week for 5 weeks with gradual increases in the training volume over 10 training sessions, and the non-dominant (non-trained) arms were investigated for the cross-education effect. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contractions (MVC-ECC), and thickness (MT) of biceps brachii and brachialis of the trained and non-trained arms were assessed at baseline and 4–8 days after the last training session. The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO torque (16.2 ± 12.6%), MVC-CON torque (21.1 ± 24.4%), and MVC-ECC torque (19.6 ± 17.5%) of the trained arm were observed for the EXT group only. The magnitude of the increase in MT of the trained arm was greater (P < 0.05) for EXT (8.9 ± 3.9%) than FLE (3.4 ± 2.7%). The cross-education effect was evident for MVC-ISO (15.9 ± 14.8%) and MVC-CON (16.7 ± 20.0%) torque of the EXT group only. These results suggest that resistance training at the extended elbow joint induces greater muscle adaptations and cross-education effects than that at flexed elbow joint.

scholarly journals Cross-education and detraining effects of eccentric vs. concentric resistance training of the elbow flexors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Riku Yoshida ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Transfer Ratio ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT). Methods Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups. Results The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than CT (49.0 ± 30.0 %). Conclusions These results did not support the hypothesis and showed similar changes in the most of the variables between ET and CT for the trained and non-trained arms, and strong cross-education effects on MVIC and 1-RM, but less detraining effect after ET than CT on MVIC of the trained arm. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000044477; Jun 09, 2021).

Increased spinal reflex excitability is not associated with neural plasticity underlying the cross-education effect

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Lagerquist ◽  
E. Paul Zehr ◽  
David Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
M Wave ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 5-wk unilateral, isometric strength-training program on plasticity in the spinal Hoffmann (H-) reflex in both the trained and untrained legs. Sixteen participants, 22–42 yr old, were assigned to either a control ( n = 6) or an exercise group ( n = 10). Both groups were tested for plantar flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and soleus H-reflex amplitude in both limbs, at the beginning and at the end of a 5-wk interval. Participants in the exercise group showed significantly increased MVIC in both legs after training ( P < 0.05), whereas strength was unchanged in the control group for either leg. Subjects in the exercise group displayed increased ( P < 0.05) H-reflex amplitudes on the ascending limb of the recruitment curve (at an equivalent M wave of 5% of the maximal M wave, HA) only in the trained leg. Maximal H-reflex and M-wave remained unchanged with training. Increased amplitude of HA in the trained limb concurrent with increased strength suggests that spinal mechanisms may underlie the changes in strength, possibly because of increased α-motoneuronal excitability or reduced presynaptic inhibition. Despite a similar increase in strength in the contralateral limb of the exercise group, HA amplitude was unchanged. We conclude that the cross-education effect of strength training may be due to supraspinal to a greater extent than spinal mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of Resistance Exercise on Symptoms, Physical Function, and Quality of Life in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153473542095491
Author(s):  
Yijin Hong ◽  
Chunmei Wu ◽  
Biyu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancer ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training

This research aimed to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on symptoms, physical function, and quality of life (QoL) in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Patients were quasi-randomly divided into the resistance exercise group and the relaxation control group, and machine-based resistance exercise was performed twice a week for 12 weeks under the guidance of experienced therapists. The QoL of patients was analyzed by EORTC-QLQ-C30. Resistance exercise training significantly reduced the incidences of lack of energy (inter-group P = .011), nausea (inter-group P = .007), acid reflux (inter-group P = .042), and back pain (inter-group P = .0009). Twelve weeks of resistance exercise training significantly elevated the muscular strength of leg press (inter-group P = .021) and leg extension (inter-group P = .041), and the muscular endurance of leg press (inter-group P = .005). The participants’ performance in 6-m fast walk (inter-group P = .008), 6-m backwards walk (inter-group P = .016), and chair rise (inter-group P = .031) were dramatically improved. Fatigue (inter-group P = .024) and appetite loss (inter-group P = .012) in the resistance exercise group were significantly lower than the relaxation control group. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of resistance exercise on symptoms, physical function and QoL in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were demonstrated. Resistance exercise training reduced the incidences of nausea and acid reflux, improved physical function, and alleviated fatigue and appetite loss in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Ipsilateral corticomotor responses are confined to the homologous muscle following cross-education of muscular strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Mason ◽  
Ashlyn K. Frazer ◽  
Deanna M. Horvath ◽  
Alan J. Pearce ◽  
Janne Avela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Corticomotor Excitability ◽  
Flexor Carpi Radialis ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Right ◽  
Wrist Flexors

Cross-education of strength occurs when strength-training 1 limb increases the strength of the untrained limb and is restricted to the untrained homologous muscle. Cortical circuits located ipsilateral to the trained limb might be involved. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine the corticomotor responses from the untrained homologous (biceps brachii) and nonhomologous (flexor carpi radialis) muscle following strength-training of the right elbow flexors. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the untrained left biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis during a submaximal contraction from 20 individuals (10 women, 10 men; aged 18–35 years; training group, n = 10; control group, n = 10) before and after 3 weeks of strength-training the right biceps brachii at 80% of 1-repetition maximum. Recruitment-curves for corticomotor excitability and inhibition of the untrained homologous and nonhomologous muscle were constructed and assessed by examining the area under the recruitment curve. Strength-training increased strength of the trained elbow flexors (29%), resulting in an 18% increase in contralateral strength of the untrained elbow flexors (P < 0.0001). The trained wrist flexors increased by 19%, resulting in a 12% increase in strength of the untrained wrist flexors (P = 0.005). TMS showed increased corticomotor excitability and decreased corticomotor inhibition for the untrained homologous muscle (P < 0.05); however, there were no changes in the untrained nonhomologous muscle (P > 0.05). These findings show that the cross-education of muscular strength is spatially distributed; however, the neural adaptations are confined to the motor pathway ipsilateral to the untrained homologous agonist.

scholarly journals Resistance exercise training influences skeletal muscle immune activation: a microarray analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Gordon ◽  
Dongmei Liu ◽  
Maureen A. Sartor ◽  
Heidi B. IglayReger ◽  
Emidio E. Pistilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Molecular Events

The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of training on the immune activation in skeletal muscle in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE). Seven young healthy men and women underwent a 12-wk supervised progressive unilateral arm RE training program. One week after the last training session, subjects performed an acute bout of bilateral RE in which the trained and the untrained arm exercised at the same relative intensity. Muscle biopsies were obtained 4 h postexercise from the biceps brachii of both arms and assessed for global transcriptom using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarrays. Significantly regulated biological processes and gene groups were analyzed using a logistic regression-based method following differential (trained vs. untrained) gene expression testing via an intensity-based Bayesian moderated t-test. The results from the present study suggest that training blunts the transcriptional upregulation of immune activation by minimizing expression of genes involved in monocyte recruitment and enhancing gene expression involved in macrophage anti-inflammatory polarization. Additionally, our data suggest that training blunts the transcriptional upregulation of the stress response and the downregulation of glucose metabolism, mitochondrial structure, and oxidative phosphorylation, and it enhances the transcriptional upregulation of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton development and organization and the downregulation of gene transcription and muscle contraction. This study provides novel insight into the molecular processes involved in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle following RE training and the cellular and molecular events implicating the protective role of training on muscle stress and damage inflicted by acute mechanical loading.

scholarly journals Effects of Non-periodized and Linear Periodized Combined Exercise Training on Insulin Resistance Indicators in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Ribeiro Streb ◽  
Larissa dos Santos Leonel ◽  
Rodrigo Sudatti Delevatti ◽  
Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri ◽  
Giovani Firpo Del Duca
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Combined Exercise ◽  
Resistance Markers ◽  
Combined Exercise Training

Abstract Background The aim was to verify the effect of non-periodized and linear periodized combined (aerobic plus resistance) exercise training on insulin resistance markers in adults with obesity. Methods A blinded randomized control trial was conducted with three groups of individuals with obesity (BMI, 30–39.9 kg/m2): control group (CG, n = 23), non-periodized group (NG, n = 23), and linear periodized group (PG, n = 23). The NG and PG performed aerobic and resistance exercises in the same session in aerobic-resistance order for 16 weeks. Both intervention groups trained three sessions weekly, with a total duration of 60 min each. The aerobic training of the NG had a duration of 30 min always between 50% and 59% of the reserve heart rate (HRres), while resistance exercise was comprised of 6 exercises, performed always in 2 × 10–12 maximum repetitions (MRs). The PG progressed the aerobic and resistance training from 40%–49% to 60%–69% (HRres) and from 2 × 12–14 to 2 × 8–10 RM, respectively, along the intervention period. The evaluated indicators of insulin resistance included fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) collected pre- and post-intervention. The analyses to verify the exercise training effect were performed using generalized estimating equations. Results After 16 weeks of training, per protocol analysis (n = 39) showed significant reductions in HOMA-IR only in the training groups (NG: Δ = − 1.6, PG: Δ = − 0.6; p = 0.094). Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated significant reductions in fasting insulin levels (NG: Δ = − 1.4, PG: Δ = − 1.0; p = 0.004) and HOMA-IR (NG: Δ = − 5.5, PG: Δ = − 3.8; p = 0.002). Conclusion Periodized and non-periodized combined exercise training similarly reduces insulin resistance markers in adults with obesity. Trial registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-3c7rt3. Registered 07 February 2019—https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/trial/5970/1.

Functional properties of human muscle fibers after short-term resistance exercise training

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. R408-R416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Widrick ◽  
Julian E. Stelzer ◽  
Todd C. Shoepe ◽  
Dena P. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
The Cross

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between human muscle fiber hypertrophy, protein isoform content, and maximal Ca2+-activated contractile function following a short-term period of resistance exercise training. Six male subjects (age 27 ± 2 yr) participated in a 12-wk progressive resistance exercise training program that increased voluntary lower limb extension strength by >60%. Single chemically skinned fibers were prepared from pre- and posttraining vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Training increased the cross-sectional area (CSA) and peak Ca2+-activated force (Po) of fibers containing type I, IIa, or IIa/IIx myosin heavy chain by 30–40% without affecting fiber-specific force (Po/CSA) or unloaded shortening velocity (Vo). Absolute fiber peak power rose as a result of the increase in Po, whereas power normalized to fiber volume was unchanged. At the level of the cross bridge, the effects of short-term resistance training were quantitative (fiber hypertrophy and proportional increases in fiber Po and absolute power) rather than qualitative (no change in Po/CSA, Vo, or power/fiber volume).

scholarly journals The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on the Cross-Transfer of Strength

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia M. Goodwill ◽  
Dawson J. Kidgell
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Right

This study investigated whether the use of superimposed whole-body vibration (WBV) during cross-education strength training would optimise strength transfer compared to conventional cross-education strength training. Twenty-one healthy, dominant right leg volunteers (21±3years) were allocated to a strength training (ST,m=3,f=4), a strength training with WBV (ST + V,m=3,f=4), or a control group (no training,m=3,f=4). Training groups performed 9 sessions over 3 weeks, involving unilateral squats for the right leg, with or without WBV (35 Hz; 2.5 mm amplitude). All groups underwent dynamic single leg maximum strength testing (1RM) and single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) prior to and following training. Strength increased in the trained limb for the ST (41%;ES=1.14) and ST + V (55%;ES=1.03) groups, which resulted in a 35% (ES=0.99) strength transfer to the untrained left leg for the ST group and a 52% (ES=0.97) strength transfer to the untrained leg for the ST + V group, when compared to the control group. No differences in strength transfer between training groups were observed(P=0.15). For the untrained leg, no differences in the peak height of recruitment curves or SICI were observed between ST and ST + V groups(P=1.00). Strength training with WBV does not appear to modulate the cross-transfer of strength to a greater magnitude when compared to conventional cross-education strength training.

Does blood lactate predict the chronic adaptive response to training: A comparison of traditional and talk test prescription methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Preobrazenski ◽  
Jacob T. Bonafiglia ◽  
Matthew W. Nelms ◽  
Simo Lu ◽  
Lauren Robins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Control Group

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses (i) that interindividual variability in acute blood lactate responses during exercise at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak; relative WRpeak protocol (REL)) will predict variability in the chronic responses to exercise training and (ii) that exercising at an intensity that causes uncomfortable speech production (negative talk test (TT) stage (NEG)) elicits high acute blood lactate responses and large adaptations to training. Twenty-eight participants completed 4 weeks of exercise training consisting of REL (n = 14) or NEG (TT, n = 14). Fifteen additional participants were assigned to a no-exercise control group (n = 15). In REL, acute blood lactate responses during the first training session significantly predicted changes in peak oxygen consumption (r = 0.69) after training. TT resulted in consistently high acute blood lactate responses. REL and TT improved (p < 0.05) peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and work rate at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (WROBLA). Despite nonsignificance, small to medium between-group effect sizes for changes in peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and WROBLA and a higher work rate, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate during training at NEG support the potential superiority of TT over REL. When exercise is prescribed using a traditional method (a fixed percentage of WRpeak; REL), acute metabolic stress may partly explain the variance in the adaptations to training. In addition, TT elicited significant increases in peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and WROBLA, and although our small sample size limits our ability to confidently compare training adaptations between groups, our preliminary results suggest that future investigations with larger sample sizes should assess the potential superiority of TT over REL.

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