scholarly journals Cross-education and detraining effects of eccentric vs. concentric resistance training of the elbow flexors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Riku Yoshida ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Transfer Ratio ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT). Methods Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups. Results The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than CT (49.0 ± 30.0 %). Conclusions These results did not support the hypothesis and showed similar changes in the most of the variables between ET and CT for the trained and non-trained arms, and strong cross-education effects on MVIC and 1-RM, but less detraining effect after ET than CT on MVIC of the trained arm. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000044477; Jun 09, 2021).

scholarly journals Elbow Joint Angles in Elbow Flexor Unilateral Resistance Exercise Training Determine Its Effects on Muscle Strength and Thickness of Trained and Non-trained Arms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Riku Yoshida ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Joint Training ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

The present study compared two unilateral arm curl resistance exercise protocols with a different starting and finishing elbow joint angle in the same ROM for changes in elbow flexors strength and muscle thickness of the trained and non-trained arms. Thirty-two non-resistance trained young adults were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: extended joint training (0°–50°; EXT, n = 12); flexed joint training (80°–130°; FLE, n = 12); and non-training control (n = 8). The exercise training was performed by the dominant arms twice a week for 5 weeks with gradual increases in the training volume over 10 training sessions, and the non-dominant (non-trained) arms were investigated for the cross-education effect. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contractions (MVC-ECC), and thickness (MT) of biceps brachii and brachialis of the trained and non-trained arms were assessed at baseline and 4–8 days after the last training session. The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Significant (P &lt; 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO torque (16.2 ± 12.6%), MVC-CON torque (21.1 ± 24.4%), and MVC-ECC torque (19.6 ± 17.5%) of the trained arm were observed for the EXT group only. The magnitude of the increase in MT of the trained arm was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for EXT (8.9 ± 3.9%) than FLE (3.4 ± 2.7%). The cross-education effect was evident for MVC-ISO (15.9 ± 14.8%) and MVC-CON (16.7 ± 20.0%) torque of the EXT group only. These results suggest that resistance training at the extended elbow joint induces greater muscle adaptations and cross-education effects than that at flexed elbow joint.

Increased spinal reflex excitability is not associated with neural plasticity underlying the cross-education effect

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Lagerquist ◽  
E. Paul Zehr ◽  
David Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
M Wave ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
The Cross

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 5-wk unilateral, isometric strength-training program on plasticity in the spinal Hoffmann (H-) reflex in both the trained and untrained legs. Sixteen participants, 22–42 yr old, were assigned to either a control ( n = 6) or an exercise group ( n = 10). Both groups were tested for plantar flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and soleus H-reflex amplitude in both limbs, at the beginning and at the end of a 5-wk interval. Participants in the exercise group showed significantly increased MVIC in both legs after training ( P < 0.05), whereas strength was unchanged in the control group for either leg. Subjects in the exercise group displayed increased ( P < 0.05) H-reflex amplitudes on the ascending limb of the recruitment curve (at an equivalent M wave of 5% of the maximal M wave, HA) only in the trained leg. Maximal H-reflex and M-wave remained unchanged with training. Increased amplitude of HA in the trained limb concurrent with increased strength suggests that spinal mechanisms may underlie the changes in strength, possibly because of increased α-motoneuronal excitability or reduced presynaptic inhibition. Despite a similar increase in strength in the contralateral limb of the exercise group, HA amplitude was unchanged. We conclude that the cross-education effect of strength training may be due to supraspinal to a greater extent than spinal mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of resistance training at different intensities of load on cross-education of muscle strength

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyelle Cristina Silva Pelet ◽  
Fábio Lera Orsatti
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
The Cross

The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the extent of cross-transfer of high- versus low-load unilateral resistance training performed with external pacing of the movement (URTEP) and 2) to compare the time course of the two approaches. Fifty subjects were randomized to one of the following three groups: G80 [two sets at 80% and two sets at 40% of one maximum repetition (1RM), 1 concentric second and 3 eccentric seconds controlled by a metronome]; G40 (four sets at 40% of 1 RM, 1s and 3s controlled by a metronome); or CG (control group). At week 1, the G80 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. At week 4, both G80 and G40 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. However, a greater 1RM gain was observed in the G80 than in the G40 (P< .05). Thus, although higher-load URTEP seems to enhance the cross-education effect when compared to lower-load URTEP, the cross-education of dynamic strength can be achieved in the two approaches after four weeks. Many patients would benefit from cross-education of muscle strength through URPEP, even who are unable to exercise with high loads and in short periods of immobilization. Novelty bullets: (1) Unilateral resistance training promotes cross-education of dynamic muscle strength. (2) However, higher-load resistance training enhances the effects of cross-education of muscle strength.

scholarly journals Effect of Eight Weeks Water Resistance Training with Dark Chocolate Supplementation on the Balance of the Elderly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mousavi ◽  
Farshad Ghazalian
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Training Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dark Chocolate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Water ◽  
Age Range

Introduction: Improving balance in the daily lives of the elderly plays an important role, especially in reducing their risk of falling. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks water resistance training with dark chocolate supplementation on the balance of the elderly.Methods: In this study, 38 elderly people with an age range of 73-60 years were randomly divided into four groups. Participants in groups, included water resistance training and water resistance training + dark chocolate, performed water resistance training for eight weeks. In this period, groups of dark chocolate and water resistance training + dark chocolate, consumed 6 pieces of dark chocolate 83%, 5 gr per day, and the control group did not have any training or supplementation. The stork test (flamingo) was used to assess balance. The results of covariance analysis (ANOVA) showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the four groups. Data were evaluated using Excel and SPSS-25 (p≤ 0.05). Results: The adjusted means after eliminating the effect of pre-test scores showed that the water resistance-training group had a higher mean than the other three groups and the weakest scores belonged to the control group. The results of other groups were as followed: experimental group 18.77, chocolate group 16.88, combined group (water resistance training + dark chocolate) 17.24 and control group 9.77. The results of Benferoni test showed that there was a significant difference between the water resistance training group and the control group (p = 0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that eight weeks of water resistance training and dark chocolate supplementation can improve the balance and quality of life of the elderly.

Benefits of aerobic training in girls with precocious puberty: involvement of CRP and cortisol

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Heidarianpour ◽  
Elnaz Shokri ◽  
Tayebe Baghian ◽  
Behnaz Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Serum Crp

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training, 4 weeks of detraining and use gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and cortisol levels in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods Forty-five girls (aged 6–8 years) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training and medicine + training groups). Fifteen healthy girls (without precocious puberty) were also included as the control group. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured at baseline by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Then, the experimental groups performed an aerobic training program for 3 days/week 20–75 min per day at 45–75% maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups also received GnRHa during the study, once a month (1 mL every 4 weeks) by intramuscular injection. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured again 48 h after the last training session and also after 4 weeks of detraining. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures showed a significant decrease in CRP (p = 0.02) and cortisol levels (p = 0.01) in the training group and the medicine + training group. Detraining led to return of CRP and cortisol levels to the pre-training levels (p = 0.001). No significant difference in serum CRP (p = 0.43) and cortisol levels (p = 0.06) was observed in the medication group. Further, no significant difference was observed between groups in CRP and cortisol. Conclusions Long-term regular moderate training decreases inflammation indices, and detraining eliminates the benefits of training in girls with precocious puberty.

The effects of adding single-joint exercises to a multi-joint exercise resistance training program on upper body muscle strength and size in trained men

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 822-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Silvestre de França ◽  
Paulo Alexandre Nordeste Branco ◽  
Dilmar Pinto Guedes Junior ◽  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
James Steele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Body Muscle ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elbow Flexors And Extensors

The aim of this study was compare changes in upper body muscle strength and size in trained men performing resistance training (RT) programs involving multi-joint plus single-joint (MJ+SJ) or only multi-joint (MJ) exercises. Twenty young men with at least 2 years of experience in RT were randomized in 2 groups: MJ+SJ (n = 10; age, 27.7 ± 6.6 years) and MJ (n = 10; age, 29.4 ± 4.6 years). Both groups trained for 8 weeks following a linear periodization model. Measures of elbow flexors and extensors 1-repetition maximum (1RM), flexed arm circumference (FAC), and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were taken pre- and post-training period. Both groups significantly increased 1RM for elbow flexion (4.99% and 6.42% for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), extension (10.60% vs 9.79%, for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), FAC (1.72% vs 1.45%, for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively), and AMC (1.33% vs 3.17% for MJ and MJ+SJ, respectively). Comparison between groups revealed no significant difference in any variable. In conclusion, 8 weeks of RT involving MJ or MJ+SJ resulted in similar alterations in muscle strength and size in trained participants. Therefore, the addition of SJ exercises to a RT program involving MJ exercises does not seem to promote additional benefits to trained men, suggesting MJ-only RT to be a time-efficient approach.

scholarly journals The Resistance Training Reverses Insulin Resistance in Rats with Periodontitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (273) ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Max Sander de Oliveira da Mota ◽  
Maria Sara de Lima Coutinho Mattera ◽  
Thaís Verônica Saori Tsosura ◽  
Fernando Yamamoto Chiba ◽  
Renato Felipe Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Disease Group ◽  
Western Blot Method ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The present study, aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) on glycemia, insulinemia, insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling (IS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in rats with periodontitis. 40 male Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups: sedentary control group (SCN), exercised control group (ExCN), sedentary ligature-induced periodontal disease group (SPD), and exercised ligature-induced periodontal disease group (ExPD). 28 days after inducing periodontitis the RT started (14-week). Glycemia, insulin, TNF-α levels, and insulin sensitivity were analyzed using various methods. IS was evaluated by measuring tyrosine phosphorylated pp185 in insulin-sensitive tissues (western blot method). Higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and TNF-α, and a decrease in insulin sensitivity were observed in the SPD group, which also had decreased levels of insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylated pp185 in muscle and adipose tissue, when compared to the other groups. The ExPD group had increased levels of insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylated pp185 compared to the SPD group, but showed no significant difference when compared to the SCN and ExCN groups. RT reversed both the insulin resistance (IR) and the IS alterations in rats with induced periodontitis, and decreased the insulin and TNF-α levels. Therefore, the results of show the importance of RT in preventing or reversing IR in rats with periodontitis.

scholarly journals Changes in UPR-PERK pathway and muscle hypertrophy following resistance training and creatine supplementation in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hersh Nouri ◽  
Dariush Sheikholeslami-Vatani ◽  
Mohammad Raman Moloudi
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Protein Kinase R ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Ratio

Abstract The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a pivotal role in some exercise training induced-physiological adaptation. Our aim was to evaluate the changes in the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) arm of the UPR and hypertrophy signaling pathway following 8 weeks of resistance training and creatine (Cr) supplementation in rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8: untrained + placebo (UN + P), resistance training + placebo (RT + P), untrained + Cr (UN + Cr) and resistance training + Cr (RT + Cr). Trained animals were submitted to the ladder-climbing exercise training 5 days per week for a total of 8 weeks. Cr supplementation groups received creatine diluted with 1.5 ml of 5% dextrose orally. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle was extracted 48 hours after the last training session and used for western blotting. After training period, the RT + Cr and RT + P groups presented a significant increase in phosphorylated and phosphorylated /total ratio hypertrophy indices, phosphorylated and phosphorylated/total ratio PERK pathway proteins and other downstream proteins of the PERK cascade compared with their untrained counterparts (P < 0.05). The increase in hypertrophy indices were higher but PERK pathway proteins were lower in the RT-Cr group than in the RT + P group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the untrained groups (P > 0.05). Our study suggests that resistance training in addition to Cr supplementation modifies PERK pathway response and improves skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

Effect of moderate and high-intensity endurance and resistance training on serum concentrations of MSTN and IGF-1 in old male Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Shanazari ◽  
Mohammad Faramarzi ◽  
Ebrahim Banitalebi ◽  
Roohullah Hemmati
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle is very sensitive to extracellular and intracellular signaling evoked by contractions from endurance and resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate- and high-intensity endurance and resistance training on the serum myostatin (MSTN) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels in older rats. Materials and methods Fifty old Wistar male rats (23 months old) were randomly divided into four experimental and one control groups, including moderate-endurance training (MET) (n = 10), high-intensity endurance training (EHT) (n = 10), moderate-intensity resistance training (MRT) (n = 10), high-intensity resistance training (HRT) (n = 10), and control group (C) (n = 10). Seventy-two hours after the last exercise session, euthanasia of the rats were rendered unconscious and direct blood samples were collected. Serum IGF-1 and MSTN concentration were measured using the enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results There was a significant reduction in MSTN and an increase in IGF-1 concentrations was observed between IGF-I levels in high and moderate resistance and endurance training. However, no significant difference was observed in MSTN levels between groups. Discussion Therefore, it appears that resistance training, especially HRT, is effective to increase growth mediators among older rats.

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