scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Physiological Variables Monitored During Treadmill Testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritva S. Taipale-Mikkonen ◽  
Anna Raitanen ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
Guro Strøm Solli ◽  
Maarit Valtonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Serum Hormones ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Maximal Effort

Purpose: To examine the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on physiological variables monitored during incremental treadmill testing in physically active women (eumenorrheic, EUM = 16 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 12).Methods: Four running tests to exhaustion were performed at bleeding, mid follicular (mid FOL)/active 1, ovulation/active 2, and mid luteal (mid LUT)/inactive. HC and MC phases were confirmed from serum hormones. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (Bla), and V˙O2 were monitored, while aerobic (AerT) and anaerobic (AnaT) thresholds were determined. V˙O2peak, maximal running speed (RUNpeak), and total running time (RUNtotal) were recorded.Results: No significant changes were observed in V˙O2 or Bla at AerT or AnaT across phases in either group. At maximal effort, absolute and relative V˙O2peak, RUNpeak, and RUNtotal remained stable across phases in both groups. No significant fluctuations in HRmax were observed across phases, but HR at both AerT and AnaT tended to be lower in EUM than in CHC across phases.Conclusion: Hormonal fluctuations over the MC and HC do not systematically influence physiological variables monitored during incremental treadmill testing. Between group differences in HR at AerT and AnaT underline why HR-based training should be prescribed individually, while recording of MC or HC use when testing should be encouraged as phase may explain minor, but possibly meaningful, changes in, e.g., Bla concentrations or differences in HR response.

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Johanna K. Ihalainen ◽  
Ida Löfberg ◽  
Anna Kotkajuuri ◽  
Heikki Kyröläinen ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Training

Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (p < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (p = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (p = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes.

scholarly journals Identification of the plateau in maximal oxygen consumption: proposal and application of a new method of analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Cândido ◽  
Alessandro José Queiroz Sarnaglia ◽  
Anselmo José Perez ◽  
Luciana Carletti
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Maximal Effort

Objective: The classic criterion for VO2máx plateau identification was proposed by Taylor et al. (1955), however, there are many critiques of this method. In this paper, we propose a new statistic-based VO2max plateau identification methodology. In addition, we aim to test for eventual differences between characteristics of the individuals who presented and those who did not present the maximum VO2max plateau. Method: Forty-one (n = 41) physically active men participated. The subjects underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test using ramp protocol to measure the VO2max and other physiological variables. The identification of VO2max plateau was performed by segmented linear regression with unknown breakpoints for each individual. Results: Although 58.54% (24) of the sample presented VO2max plateau, no significant differences were observed in metabolic, ventilatory and velocity variables between the groups. Conclusion: The methodology presents advantages, since it is adequate to analyze VO2 variations individually and because it is based on statistical techniques, which considers the continuous records of the maximal effort test, not segmenting it in sections for analysis. The comparison between groups, according to the occurrence of the plateau, showed no differences between them.

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7209
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Willett ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

Meta-analysis of the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in men: relation to training status

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. H829-H834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Wilson ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Exercise Status

Based on cross-sectional data, we recently reported that, in contrast to the prevailing view, the rate of decline in maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) with age is greater in physically active compared with sedentary healthy women. We tested this hypothesis in men using a meta-analytic study ofV˙o 2 max values in the published literature. A total of 242 studies (538 subject groups and 13,828 subjects) met the inclusion criteria and were arbitrarily separated into sedentary (214 groups, 6,231 subjects), active (159 groups, 5,621 subjects), and endurance-trained (165 groups, 1,976 subjects) populations. Body fat percent increased with age in sedentary and active men ( P < 0.001), whereas no change was observed in endurance-trained men.V˙o 2 max was inversely and strongly related to age within each population ( r = −0.80 to −0.88, all P < 0.001) and was highest in endurance-trained and lowest in sedentary populations at any age. Absolute rates of decline inV˙o 2 max with age were not different ( P > 0.05) in sedentary (−4.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1), active (−4.0), and endurance-trained (−4.6) populations. Similarly, there were no group differences ( P > 0.05) in the relative (%) rates of decline inV˙o 2 max with advancing age (−8.7, −7.3, and −6.8%/decade, respectively). Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age within each population ( r = −0.88 to −0.93, all P < 0.001), but the rate of age-related reduction was not different among the populations. There was a significant decline in running mileage and speed with advancing age in the endurance-trained men. The present cross-sectional meta-analytic findings do not support the hypothesis that the rate of decline inV˙o 2 max with age is related to habitual aerobic exercise status in men.

DESCRIPTION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE DISORDERS IN 3 MONTHS INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE USERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Amellia Mardhika ◽  
Yolanda Dwi Safitri ◽  
Lailatul Fadliyah ◽  
Riris Medawati
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Cycle Disorders ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

3-month injectable contraception is a hormonal contraceptive that is widely used by women of childbearing age (WUS) because it is very effective in preventing pregnancy, and includes the Intermediate-term Method. The use of 3-month injectable contraceptives also has drawbacks or side effects, one of which is menstrual cycle disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of menstrual cycle disorders in users of 3-month injectable contraceptives.This study used a descriptive design. The population in this study was women of childbearing age who used injection contraception for 3 months at the sub-health center of Tanjung Village. The total population in this study was 48 samples. The sampling technique was carried out by the total sampling technique. The analytical method used in this study was descriptive statistics.The results of the study showed that using 3-month injectable contraceptives were found that 29 respondents (60.4%) experienced amenorrhea, 15 respondents (31.3%) spotting, and 4 respondents (8.3%) did not experience menstrual cycle disorders.Most users of 3-month injectable contraceptives experience amenorrhea

Changes in Neuromuscular Performance throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Physically Active Females

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Lee A. Weidauer ◽  
Joe Albert ◽  
Mary Beth Zwart ◽  
Jeffrey Clapper ◽  
Bonny Specker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Neuromuscular Performance

scholarly journals Pre-Bed Casein Protein Supplementation Does Not Enhance Acute Functional Recovery in Physically Active Males and Females When Exercise is Performed in the Morning

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Apweiler ◽  
David Wallace ◽  
Sarah Stansfield ◽  
Dean Allerton ◽  
Meghan Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Pressure Pain Threshold ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Casein Protein ◽  
Males And Females

This study examined whether consuming casein protein (CP) pre-sleep could accelerate acute recovery following muscle-damaging exercise. Thirty-nine active males and females performed 100 drop jumps in the morning, consumed their habitual diet during the day, and then within 30 min pre-bed consumed either ~40 g of CP (n = 19) or ~40 g of a carbohydrate-only control (CON) (n = 20). Maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MIVC), countermovement jumps (CMJ), pressure-pain threshold (PPT), subjective muscle soreness and the brief assessment of mood adapted (BAM+) were measured pre, 24 and 48 h following the drop jumps. MIVC decreased in CP and CON post-exercise, peaking at 24 h post (CP: −8.5 ± 3.5 vs. CON: −13.0 ± 2.9%, respectively); however, no between-group differences were observed (p = 0.486; ηp2 =0.02). There were also no group differences in the recovery of CMJ height, PPT and BAM+ (p > 0.05). Subjective muscle soreness increased post-exercise, but no group differences were present at 24 h (CP: 92 ± 31 mm vs. CON: 90 ± 46 mm) or 48 h (CP: 90 ± 44 mm vs. CON: 80 ± 58 mm) (p > 0.05). These data suggest that pre-bed supplementation with ~40 g of CP is no more beneficial than CON for accelerating the recovery following muscle-damaging exercise.

scholarly journals Influence of female hormonal fluctuation on maximum occlusal force

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-501
Author(s):  
Thaís Marques Simek Vega Gonçalves ◽  
Lucíola Maria Rodrigues de Vasconcelos ◽  
Wander José da Silva ◽  
Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury ◽  
Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Molar Region ◽  
Hormonal Levels

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may influence on muscular tensions and probably alter occlusal force. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hormonal levels affect maximum occlusal force (MOF) of healthy women throughout the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Sixty complete dentate subjects who were not under use of oral contraceptives were selected to participate in this study. MOF was bilaterally evaluated on the molar region, during 3 complete menstrual cycles, using 5.65 mm-wide sensors. Measurements were carried out during each of the following menstrual cycle phases: menstrual, follicular, periovulatory and luteal, presumed by ovulation test. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). Comparisons among menstrual cycle phases showed no differences on MOF (p=0.27). Under the conditions of this study, it may be concluded that hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle do not affect MOF of a sample of healthy women.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Menstrual Cycle Phase-Dependent Modulation of Craving for Cigarette: An fMRI Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Mendrek ◽  
Laurence Dinh-Williams ◽  
Josiane Bourque ◽  
Stéphane Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Right

While overall more men than women smoke cigarettes, women and girls take less time to become dependent after initial use and have more difficulties quitting the habit. One of the factors contributing to these differences may be that women crave cigarettes more than men and that their desire to smoke is influenced by hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine potential sex/gender differences in functional neuroanatomy of craving and to (b) delineate neural correlates of cigarette cravings in women across their menstrual cycle. Fifteen tobacco-smoking men and 19 women underwent a functional MRI during presentation of neutral and smoking-related images, known to elicit craving. Women were tested twice: once during early follicular phase and once during midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex differences in the cerebral activations associated with craving. Nevertheless, the pattern of activations in women varied across their menstrual cycle with significant activations in parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, during follicular phase, and only limited activations in the right hippocampus during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Blood Plasma Hormone–Level Influence on Vocal Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1376-1386
Author(s):  
Laura W. Plexico ◽  
Mary J. Sandage ◽  
Heidi A. Kluess ◽  
Ana M. Franco-Watkins ◽  
Leslie E. Neidert
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Vocal Function ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Cycle Group

Purpose This preliminary study examined the influence of menstrual cycle phase and hormone levels on acoustic measurements of vocal function in reproductive and postmenopausal females. Mean fundamental frequency (f0), speaking fundamental frequency (Sf0), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP) were evaluated. It was hypothesized that Sf0 and CPP would be lower during the luteal and ischemic phases of the menstrual cycle. Group differences with lower values in postmenopausal females and greater variability in the reproductive females were also hypothesized. Method A mixed factorial analysis of variance was used to examine differences between reproductive and postmenopausal females and the four phases of the menstrual cycle. Separate analyses of variances were implemented for each of the dependent measures. Twenty-eight female participants (15 reproductive cycling, 13 postmenopausal) completed the study. Participants were recorded reading the Rainbow Passage and sustaining the vowel /a/. Mean vocal f0, Sf0, and CPP were determined from the acoustic samples. Blood assays were used to determine estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and neuropeptide Y levels at four data collection time points. Results Group differences in hormone levels and Sf0 values were established with the postmenopausal group having significantly lower hormone levels and significantly lower Sf0 than the reproductive cycling group across the phases. Analysis of the reproductive group by hormone levels and cycle phase revealed no significant differences for CPP or Sf0 across phases. Higher estrogen was identified in the ovulation phase, and higher progesterone was identified in the luteal phase. Conclusions Significant differences in hormone levels and Sf0 were identified between groups. Within the reproductive cycling group, the lack of significant difference in acoustic measures relative to hormone levels indicated that the measures taken may not have been sensitive enough to identify hormonally mediated vocal function changes. The participant selection may have biased the findings in that health conditions and medications that are known to influence voice function were used as exclusion criteria.

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