scholarly journals Plasticity of the Cuticular Transpiration Barrier in Response to Water Shortage and Resupply in Camellia sinensis: A Role of Cuticular Waxes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhenghua Du ◽  
Yanting Han ◽  
Xiaobing Chen ◽  
Xiangrui Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Response To Water

The cuticle is regarded as a non-living tissue; it remains unknown whether the cuticle could be reversibly modified and what are the potential mechanisms. In this study, three tea germplasms (Wuniuzao, 0202-10, and 0306A) were subjected to water deprivation followed by rehydration. The epicuticular waxes and intracuticular waxes from both leaf surfaces were quantified from the mature 5th leaf. Cuticular transpiration rates were then measured from leaf drying curves, and the correlations between cuticular transpiration rates and cuticular wax coverage were analyzed. We found that the cuticular transpiration barriers were reinforced by drought and reversed by rehydration treatment; the initial weak cuticular transpiration barriers were preferentially reinforced by drought stress, while the original major cuticular transpiration barriers were either strengthened or unaltered. Correlation analysis suggests that cuticle modifications could be realized by selective deposition of specific wax compounds into individual cuticular compartments through multiple mechanisms, including in vivo wax synthesis or transport, dynamic phase separation between epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes, in vitro polymerization, and retro transportation into epidermal cell wall or protoplast for further transformation. Our data suggest that modifications of a limited set of specific wax components from individual cuticular compartments are sufficient to alter cuticular transpiration barrier properties.

In Vitro Assessment of in Vivo Damage to the Barrier Properties of Pig Skin Caused by a Complex Mixture

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara W. Kemppainen ◽  
Pramod Terse ◽  
M. S. Madhyastha ◽  
S. D. Lenz ◽  
W. G. Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Pig Skin ◽  
In Vitro Assessment

scholarly journals Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gorzelanny ◽  
Christian Mess ◽  
Stefan W. Schneider ◽  
Volker Huck ◽  
Johanna M. Brandner
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Hair Follicles

Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Stress on Reproduction and Colonization of Podosphaera aphanis of Strawberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2973-2978
Author(s):  
Franca G. Rossi ◽  
Belachew Asalf ◽  
Chloe Grieu ◽  
Rodrigo B. Onofre ◽  
Natalia A. Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Leaf Curling ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Mild Water Stress

In a number of pathosystems involving the powdery mildews (Erysiphales), plant stress is associated with decreased disease susceptibility and is detrimental to pathogen growth and reproduction. However, in strawberry, anecdotal observations associate severe powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis) with water stress. In a 2017 survey of 42 strawberry growers in Norway and California, 40 growers agreed with a statement that water-stressed strawberry plants were more susceptible to powdery mildew compared with nonstressed plants. In repeated in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that water stress was consistently and significantly unfavorable to conidial germination, infection, and increases in disease severity. Deleterious effects on the pathogen were observed from both preinoculation and postinoculation water stress in the host. Soil moisture content in the range from 0 to 50% was correlated (R2 = 0.897) with germinability of conidia harvested from extant colonies that developed on plants growing at different levels of water stress. These studies confirm that P. aphanis fits the norm for biotrophic powdery mildews and hosts under stress. Mild water stress, compared with a state of optimal hydration, is likely to decrease rather than increase susceptibility of strawberry to P. aphanis. We believe it is possible that foliar symptoms of leaf curling due to diffuse and inconspicuous infection of the lower leaf surfaces by P. aphanis could easily be mistakenly attributed to water stress, which we observed as having a nearly identical leaf curling symptom in strawberry.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Assessment of Skin Barrier Properties: Investigating Emerging Tools for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications

Cosmetics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emer Duffy ◽  
Keana De Guzman ◽  
Robert Wallace ◽  
Ronan Murphy ◽  
Aoife Morrin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Non Invasive

Ventilator-induced lung injury: in vivo and in vitro mechanisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. L678-L682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Matthay ◽  
Sunita Bhattacharya ◽  
Donald Gaver ◽  
Lorraine B. Ware ◽  
Lina H. K. Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Pulmonary Endothelium ◽  
Ventilator Induced Lung Injury ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Made In

A lung-protective ventilator strategy significantly reduces mortality in patients with acute lung injury. Substantial progress has been made in understanding how mechanical stress can injure the lung, both in terms of alterations in barrier properties of the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium as well as in stimulating proinflammatory responses of macrophages and neutrophils.

scholarly journals Second-generation lung-on-a-chip array with a stretchable biological membrane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Zamprogno ◽  
Simon Wüthrich ◽  
Sven Achenbach ◽  
Janick D. Stucki ◽  
Nina Hobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pdms Membrane ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial

AbstractThe complex architecture of the lung parenchyma and the air-blood barrier is difficult to mimic in-vitro. Recently reported lung-on-a-chips used a thin, porous and stretchable PDMS membrane, to mimic the air-blood barrier and the rhythmic breathing motions. However, the nature, the properties and the size of this PDMS membrane differ from the extracellular matrix of the distal airways. Here, we present a second-generation lung-on-a-chip with an array of in vivo-like sized alveoli and a stretchable biological membrane. This nearly absorption free membrane allows mimicking in vivo functionality of the lung parenchyma at an unprecedented level. The air-blood barrier is constituted by human primary lung alveolar epithelial cells from several patients and co-cultured with primary lung endothelial cells. Typical markers of lung alveolar epithelial cells could be observed in the model, while barrier properties were preserved for up to three weeks. This advanced lung alveolar model reproduces some key features of the lung alveolar environment in terms of composition, alveolar size, mechanical forces and biological functions, which makes this model a more analogous tool for drug discovery, diseases modeling and precision medicine applications.

Factors contributing to seasonal increases in inoculative freezing resistance in overwintering fire-colored beetle larvae dendroides canadensis

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 1585-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Olsen ◽  
S Sass ◽  
N Li ◽  
J Duman
Keyword(s):  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Dendroides Canadensis ◽  
Ice Nucleators ◽  
Inoculative Freezing ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Epicuticular Lipids

The insects and microarthropods that vary seasonally in susceptibility to cross-cuticular inoculation by external ice (inoculative freezing) represent a phylogenetically diverse group; however, few studies have explored possible mechanisms experimentally. This study documents seasonally variable inoculative freezing resistance in Dendroides canadensis beetle larvae and combines immunofluorescence, in vivo removal of epicuticular lipids and in vitro chamber studies to explore the roles of seasonal modification in the cuticle and in epidermal and hemolymph antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Seasonal cuticular modifications contribute to the inhibition of inoculative freezing since more cold-hardy larvae froze inoculatively when epicuticular waxes were removed with hexane and, in in vitro chamber experiments, cuticle patches (with the underlying epidermis removed) from winter larvae provided greater protection from inoculative freezing than did cuticle patches from summer larvae. The results indicate that seasonal modifications in epidermal and hemolymph AFPs contribute most strongly to the inhibition of inoculative freezing. Subcuticular epidermal AFPs were present in immunocytochemically labeled transverse sections of winter larvae but were absent in summer ones. Winter integument patches (cuticle with epidermis) were more resistant to inoculative freezing than were summer integument patches. Integument patches resisted inoculative freezing as well as live winter-collected larvae only when hemolymph AFP was added. The results also suggest that some integumentary ice nucleators are removed in cold-hardy larvae and that AFP promotes supercooling by inhibiting the activity of these nucleators.

scholarly journals Determination of rheology and surface tension of airway surface liquid: a review of clinical relevance and measurement techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenglong Chen ◽  
Ming Zhong ◽  
Yuzhou Luo ◽  
Linhong Deng ◽  
Zhaoyan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Airway Surface Liquid ◽  
Surfactant Replacement Therapy ◽  
Surface Liquid ◽  
The Stability

AbstractBy airway surface liquid, we mean a thin fluid continuum consisting of the airway lining layer and the alveolar lining layer, which not only serves as a protective barrier against foreign particles but also contributes to maintaining normal respiratory mechanics. In recent years, measurements of the rheological properties of airway surface liquid have attracted considerable clinical attention due to new advances in microrheology instruments and methods. This article reviews the clinical relevance of measurements of airway surface liquid viscoelasticity and surface tension from four main aspects: maintaining the stability of the airways and alveoli, preventing ventilator-induced lung injury, optimizing surfactant replacement therapy for respiratory syndrome distress, and characterizing the barrier properties of airway mucus to improve drug and gene delivery. Primary measuring techniques and methods suitable for determining the viscoelasticity and surface tension of airway surface liquid are then introduced with respect to principles, advantages and limitations. Cone and plate viscometers and particle tracking microrheometers are the most commonly used instruments for measuring the bulk viscosity and microviscosity of airway surface liquid, respectively, and pendant drop methods are particularly suitable for the measurement of airway surface liquid surface tension in vitro. Currently, in vivo and in situ measurements of the viscoelasticity and surface tension of the airway surface liquid in humans still presents many challenges.

scholarly journals Design of Experiment Based Optimization of an in Vitro Direct Contact Triculture Blood Brain Barrier Model for Permeability Screening

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey E Lubin ◽  
Gregory T. Knipp
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Blood Brain

Abstract Background: The in vivo restrictive properties of the blood brain barrier (BBB) largely arise from astrocyte and pericyte synergistic cell signaling interactions that underlie the brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC). In vivo relevant direct contact between astrocytes, pericytes, and BMECS, to our knowledge, has not been established in conventional Transwell® based in vitro screening models of the BBB. We hypothesize that a design of experiments (DOE) optimized direct contact layered triculture model will offer more in vivo relevance for screening in comparison to indirect models. Methods: Plating conditions including the seeding density of all three cell types, matrix protein, and culture time were assessed in DOEP. DOEP was followed by DOEM1 and DOEM2 to assess the influence of medium additives on barrier properties. The permeability of 4 kD dextran, a paracellular marker, was the measured response to arrive at the optimal plating conditions. The optimized model was further assessed for p-glycoprotein function using a substrate and inhibitor along with a set of BBB paracellular and transcellular markers at varying permeation rates.Results: DOEP revealed that length of culture post endothelial cell plating correlated highest with paracellular tightness. In addition, seeding density of the endothelial cell layer influenced paracellular tightness at earlier times of culture, and its impact decreased as culture is extended. Medium additives had varying effects on barrier properties as seen from DOEM1 and DOEM2. At optimal conditions, the model revealed P-gp function along with the ability to differentiate between BBB positive and negative permeants. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the implementation of DOE based optimization for biologically based systems is an expedited method to establish multi-component in vitro cell models. The direct contact BBB triculture model reveals that the physiologically relevant layering of the three cell types is a practical method of culture to establish a screening model compared to indirect plating methods that incorporate physical barriers between cell types. Additionally, the ability of the model to differentiate between BBB positive and negative permeants suggests that this model may be an enhanced screening tool for potential neuroactive compounds.

Lung microvascular endothelium is enriched with progenitor cells that exhibit vasculogenic capacity

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. L419-L430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Alvarez ◽  
Lan Huang ◽  
Judy A. King ◽  
M. Khair ElZarrad ◽  
Mervin C. Yoder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Microvascular Endothelium ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Pulmonary Microcirculation

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated postnatally from bone marrow, blood, and both the intima and adventitia of conduit vessels. However, it is unknown whether EPCs can be isolated from the lung microcirculation. Thus we sought to determine whether the microvasculature possesses EPCs capable of de novo vasculogenesis. Rat pulmonary artery (PAEC) and microvascular (PMVEC) endothelial cells were isolated and selected by using a single-cell clonogenic assay. Whereas the majority of PAECs (∼60%) were fully differentiated, the majority of PMVECs (∼75%) divided, with ∼50% of the single cells giving rise to large colonies (>2,000 cells/colony). These highly proliferative cells exhibited the capacity to reconstitute the entire proliferative hierarchy of PMVECs, unveiling the existence of resident microvascular endothelial progenitor cells (RMEPCs). RMEPCs expressed endothelial cell markers (CD31, CD144, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and von Willenbrand factor) and progenitor cell antigens (CD34 and CD309) but did not express the leukocyte marker CD45. Consistent with their origin, RMEPCs interacted with Griffonia simplicifolia and displayed restrictive barrier properties. In vitro and in vivo Matrigel assays revealed that RMEPCs possess vasculogenic capacity, forming ultrastructurally normal de novo vessels. Thus the pulmonary microcirculation is enriched with EPCs that display vasculogenic competence while maintaining functional endothelial microvascular specificity.

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