scholarly journals Toward Systematic Understanding of Flower Bud Induction in Apple: A Multi-Omics Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Milyaev ◽  
Julian Kofler ◽  
Iris Klaiber ◽  
Stefan Czemmel ◽  
Jens Pfannstiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Early Flower ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The induction of flower buds in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is tightly connected to biennial bearing, which is characterized by alternating years with high (ON) and low or no (OFF) crop loads. In order to study this irregular cropping behavior, spur buds from ON- and OFF-trees of the biennial-bearing cultivar ‘Fuji’ and the regular bearing cultivar ‘Gala’ were collected. First, the time of flower bud initiation was precisely determined for both cultivars by histological analysis. Moreover, for a systematic understanding of flower bud induction in apple, the physiological and molecular mechanisms within the bud tissue were evaluated over four weeks prior to flower bud initiation by employing a multi-omics approach, including RNA sequencing, proteomic and metabolic profiling. Gene and protein enrichment analysis detected physiological pathways promoting and inhibiting early flower bud development. Metabolic profiles from the cropping treatments revealed a greater abundance of thiamine, chlorogenic acid, and an adenine derivative in spur buds from OFF-trees, whereas tryptophan was more abundant in the buds collected from ON-trees. Cultivar comparison indicated that chlorogenic acid was more abundant in ‘Gala’ than in ‘Fuji’ spur buds, whereas the opposite effect was found for tryptophan. Genes controlling tryptophan biosynthesis were not affected by ON- and OFF-treatments, but genes assigned to the metabolism of tryptophan into indoleacetate were differentially expressed between cultivars and treatments. The multi-omics approach permitted analyzing complex plant metabolic processes involved in early flower bud development and more specifically presumably in flower bud induction by tracing some pathways from gene to product level.

scholarly journals Selection of Day-neutral, Heat-delay-insensitive Dendranthem×grandiflora Genotypes

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson ◽  
Peter D. Ascher
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Axillary Branching ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Commercial garden and greenhouse chrysanthemums [Dendranthema ×grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitam. (syn. Chrysanthemum xmorifolium Ramat.)] are facultative short-day plants for flower bud initiation, obligate short-day plants for flower bud development, and are categorized into short-day response groups. Flower initiation can be delayed by high night temperatures. Recent research has identified true day-neutral genotypes. The purpose of this investigation was to test environments for selecting genotypes that are both day-neutral and heat-delay insensitive. One greenhouse and 18 garden genotypes were selected. A series of environments were used to select for day-neutral genotypes and then differentiate between these genotypes for heat delay insensitivity: short days, long days/red light, long days/far red light and high temperatures, and natural day lengths under field conditions. Day-neutral selections from these environments were then grown in a fifth environment of long days/continuous far red and red light with high temperature. Data were collected on the number of days to first and third flower, long day leaf number, stem length, number of strap-shaped leaves subtending the terminal flower, internode lengths, number of nodes with axillary branching, and flower bud development of the first to the sixth flowers. Genotypes required 3 to 8 weeks for complete flower bud initiation/development. Flowering responses in the first four environments were highly significant for both the first and third flowers. Genotypes ranged from obligate short-day to day-neutral for the first six flowers. Three day-neutral genotypes were selected that differed significantly for all traits in the fifth environment; flower bud development with the first six flowers occurred with only one genotype, 83-267-3. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from h2 = 0.75 for number of nodes with axillary branching, h2 = 0.79 for long day leaf number and number of strap-shaped leaves, to h2 = 0.91 for stem length. An ideotype for day-neutral and heat-delay-insensitive garden chrysanthemums was developed for use in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Organogenesis and Development in Blackberry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 682g-683
Author(s):  
F. Takeda ◽  
B. C. Strik ◽  
J. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Thornless Blackberry ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Coast Region ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Western trailing blackberries (e.g., `Boysen' and `Marion') are grown in Oregon. USDA-released semi-erect thornless blackberries (e.g., `Chester Thornless') and erect, thorny blackberries (e.g., `Cherokee') from Arkansas are grown across the United States from the mid-Atlantic coast region to Oregon. Flower bud development in several blackberry cultivars growing at three sites (Arkansas, Oregon, and West Virginia) was studied. In buds of `Boysen' and `Marion' blackberries from Oregon, sepal primordia were first observed in September and November, respectively. Further floral bud development continued into January. Sepal development in `Cherokee' buds occurred in November in Oregon and in December in Arkansas. At all subsequent sampling dates, the development was more advanced in Oregon than in Arkansas. Buds of `Chester Thornless' blackberry from all three sites remained undifferentiated until spring. Preliminary findings indicated that the time of flower bud initiation varied considerably among the cultivars examined. The results suggest that floral bud development in blackberry, once initiated, is continuous, but periods of low temperature can arrest bud development.

scholarly journals Effect of 2,4-D on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Viable Seed Production

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal S. Al-Henaid ◽  
Mark A. Ferrell ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Leafy spurge viable seed production and germination were reduced by 2,4-D applied during flower development and seed formation, in the field. Viable seed production was reduced when 2,4-D was applied at all growth stages after the start of flower bud development. The number of viable seed from untreated plants was 173, while, the number of viable seed from plants treated 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35 d after the start of flower bud development was <1, 4, 7, 31, 53, and 62; respectively. Leafy spurge seed germination was higher in gibberellic acid than in water for seed collected from untreated plants and from plants treated with 2,4-D 7, 14, and 21 d after bud initiation. This research shows that 2,4-D must be applied prior to flower bud development to prevent seed production.

scholarly journals Scanning electron microscopy of floral initiation and developmental stages in Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) under water deficits

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Engin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud Development ◽  
Scanning Electron

The influence of different irrigation conditions on flower bud development of the sweet cherry cv. ‘0900 Ziraat' was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Flower bud development was compared in three irrigation treatments. Control trees (I100) were irrigated at approximately 100% ET. Stress treatments received 50% (I50) and 20% (I20) of the water applied to the control. The rate of flower bud initiation at the stage of differentiation of sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia was considerably slower at I20 as compared to the more irrigated treatments. Also, when water was not provided in the next year, flower bud initiation and differentiation was delayed. These results suggested that the lower the irrigation, the slower the progression of flower differentiation.   Key words: Floral initiation, Bud differentiation, Irrigation, Prunus avium, Sweet cherry doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1558 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 15-19, 2008 (June)

scholarly journals The tuberization signal StSP6A represses flower bud development in potato

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faline D M Plantenga ◽  
Sara Bergonzi ◽  
José A Abelenda ◽  
Christian W B Bachem ◽  
Richard G F Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Flower Bud Development

scholarly journals Storage Temperature and Duration Affect Flower Bud Development, Shoot Emergence, and Flowering of Leucocoryne coquimbensis F. Phil.

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Ohkawa ◽  
Hyeon-Hye Kim ◽  
Emiko Nitta ◽  
Yukinori Fukazawa
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Dry Storage ◽  
Flower Stem ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Leucocoryne, a native to Chile, has violet, blue, or white flowers and is increasing in popularity as a cut flower. The effects of storage temperature and duration on flower bud development, shoot emergence, and anthesis were investigated. Bulbs stored at 20 to 30 °C for 22 weeks produced 3.4 flower stems per bulb between March and April. Bulbs stored at 20 °C flowered earliest, followed by those stored at 25 °C. Bulbs stored at 30 °C flowered last. After 16 weeks of storage at 20 °C, a further 2 weeks dry storage at 15 °C before planting resulted in 1 month earlier flowering with no reduction of the number of flowering stems. As dry storage at 20 °C increased to 11 months, the time to emergence and flowering decreased. After dry storage at 20 °C for 12 months, the primary flower stems aborted and secondary stems then developed. Secondary and tertiary flower stems tend to commence flower bud development after the flower bud on the primary flower stem has reached the gynoecium or anther and ovule stage of initiation.

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