scholarly journals Leaf Cuticular Transpiration Barrier Organization in Tea Tree Under Normal Growth Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjie Chen ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Xiangrui Kong ◽  
Zhenghua Du ◽  
Huiwen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
Water Transpiration

The cuticle plays a major role in restricting nonstomatal water transpiration in plants. There is therefore a long-standing interest to understand the structure and function of the plant cuticle. Although many efforts have been devoted, it remains controversial to what degree the various cuticular parameters contribute to the water transpiration barrier. In this study, eight tea germplasms were grown under normal conditions; cuticle thickness, wax coverage, and compositions were analyzed from the epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes of both leaf surfaces. The cuticular transpiration rates were measured from the individual leaf surface as well as the intracuticular wax layer. Epicuticular wax resistances were also calculated from both leaf surfaces. The correlation analysis between the cuticular transpiration rates (or resistances) and various cuticle parameters was conducted. We found that the abaxial cuticular transpiration rates accounted for 64–78% of total cuticular transpiration and were the dominant factor in the variations for the total cuticular transpiration. On the adaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the intracuticular waxes; however, on the abaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the epicuticular waxes. Cuticle thickness was not a factor affecting cuticular transpiration. However, the abaxial epicuticular wax coverage was found to be significantly and positively correlated with the abaxial epicuticular resistance. Correlation analysis suggested that the very-long-chain aliphatic compounds and glycol esters play major roles in the cuticular transpiration barrier in tea trees grown under normal conditions. Our results provided novel insights about the complex structure–functional relationships in the tea cuticle.

Morphology, Development, and Recrystallization of Epicuticular Waxes of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester G. McWhorter ◽  
Rex N. Paul ◽  
William L. Barrentine
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Cuticular Membrane ◽  
Crystalline Structures ◽  
Capillary Method ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Morphology Development

Johnsongrass leaves were covered with epicuticular wax that varied from 16 to 25 μg/cm2on leaf blades and 56 to 206 μg/cm2on leaf sheaths. At emergence, leaves were covered with a layer of smooth amorphous wax, but crystalline wax (wax plates) began to form on the amorphous wax within 1 or 2 days. This continued until all leaf surfaces were covered with wax plates. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, a smooth layer of coalescence wax was deposited over the wax plates. Formation of coalescence wax continued until nearly all leaf surfaces were covered with a smooth wax layer. Production of wax filaments began when plants were 3 to 4 weeks old and these tubular structures extended 100 to 200 μm above all other wax formations. Deposition of amorphous wax continued after stomata closed in the darkness, sealing over stomata, but the wax layer was broken when stomata opened again in the light. A capillary method was devised that was used to evaporate chloroform containing leaf waxes through 0.1- to 1.2-μm pores in inert filters to recrystallize amorphous wax and wax plates similar to that produced on johnsongrass leaves. Recrystallization of wax from wax filaments dissolved in chloroform produced the same structures of amorphous wax and wax plates as when only wax from leaves with amorphous wax and wax plates was used. Wax washed from leaves also produced wax plates and a variety of crystalline structures on the walls of glass vials after chloroform solutions were evaporated. This result indicated that the morphology of epicuticular waxes is influenced more by their inherent chemical and physical properties than by underlying cells or the cuticular membrane.

scholarly journals Plasticity of the Cuticular Transpiration Barrier in Response to Water Shortage and Resupply in Camellia sinensis: A Role of Cuticular Waxes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhenghua Du ◽  
Yanting Han ◽  
Xiaobing Chen ◽  
Xiangrui Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Response To Water

The cuticle is regarded as a non-living tissue; it remains unknown whether the cuticle could be reversibly modified and what are the potential mechanisms. In this study, three tea germplasms (Wuniuzao, 0202-10, and 0306A) were subjected to water deprivation followed by rehydration. The epicuticular waxes and intracuticular waxes from both leaf surfaces were quantified from the mature 5th leaf. Cuticular transpiration rates were then measured from leaf drying curves, and the correlations between cuticular transpiration rates and cuticular wax coverage were analyzed. We found that the cuticular transpiration barriers were reinforced by drought and reversed by rehydration treatment; the initial weak cuticular transpiration barriers were preferentially reinforced by drought stress, while the original major cuticular transpiration barriers were either strengthened or unaltered. Correlation analysis suggests that cuticle modifications could be realized by selective deposition of specific wax compounds into individual cuticular compartments through multiple mechanisms, including in vivo wax synthesis or transport, dynamic phase separation between epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes, in vitro polymerization, and retro transportation into epidermal cell wall or protoplast for further transformation. Our data suggest that modifications of a limited set of specific wax components from individual cuticular compartments are sufficient to alter cuticular transpiration barrier properties.

Surfactant-Induced Phytotoxicity

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Falk ◽  
Richard Guggenheim ◽  
Gerhard Schulke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Morphology Changes ◽  
Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron

The leaves of tall morningglory, giant duckweed, and common purslane were treated with nine surfactants at a concentration of 0.1% and examined after 24 hr using cryo-scanning electron microscopy for phytotoxicity as evidenced by tissue damage and epicuticular wax morphology changes. In some instances, tissue damage could be discerned; however, the effects of a particular surfactant were not uniform across the three species. Morphological alteration of epicuticular waxes was not observed. Gas chromatographic analyses of the epicuticular waxes of the species used in the study reveal component differences and may, in part, explain the lack of uniform response across species for a particular surfactant.

Environmental Physiology of Sorghum. II. Epicuticular Wax Load and Cuticular Transpiration 1

Crop Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1168-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Jordan ◽  
P. J. Shouse ◽  
A. Blum ◽  
F. R. Miller ◽  
R. L. Monk
Keyword(s):  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Environmental Physiology ◽  
Wax Load

scholarly journals A Proposed Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cuticular Transpiration From Different Leaf Surfaces in Camellia sinensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobing Chen ◽  
Zhenghua Du ◽  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Ananta Raj Devkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

scholarly journals A novel maize gene, glossy6 involved in epicuticular wax deposition and drought tolerance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI Li ◽  
Yicong Du ◽  
Cheng He ◽  
Charles R. Dietrich ◽  
Jiankun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Extracellular Transport ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Wax Load

SUMMARYEpicuticular waxes, long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, form the outermost layer of plant surfaces in most terrestrial plants. The presence of epicuticular waxes protects plants from water loss and other environmental stresses. Cloning and characterization of genes involved in the regulation, biosynthesis, and extracellular transport of epicuticular waxes on to the surface of epidermal cells have revealed the molecular basis of epicuticular wax accumulation. However, intracellular trafficking of synthesized waxes to the plasma membrane for cellular secretion is poorly understood. Here, we characterized a maize glossy (gl6) mutant that exhibited decreased epicuticular wax load, increased cuticle permeability, and reduced seedling drought tolerance relative to wild type. We combined an RNA-sequencing based mapping approach (BSR-Seq) and chromosome walking to identify the gl6 candidate gene, which was confirmed via the analysis of multiple independent mutant alleles. The gl6 gene represents a novel maize glossy gene containing a conserved, but uncharacterized domain. Functional characterization suggests that the GL6 protein may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of epicuticular waxes, opening a door to elucidating the poorly understood process by which epicuticular wax is transported from its site of biosynthesis to the plasma membrane.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPlant surface waxes provide an essential protective barrier for terrestrial plants. Understanding the composition and physiological functions of surface waxes, as well as the molecular basis underlying wax accumulation on plant surfaces provides opportunities for the genetic optimization of this protective layer. Genetic studies have identified genes involved in wax biosynthesis, extracellular transport, as well as spatial and temporal regulation of wax accumulation. In this study, a maize mutant, gl6 was characterized that exhibited reduced wax load on plant surfaces, increased water losses, and reduced seedling drought tolerance compared to wild type controls. The gl6 gene is a novel gene harboring a conserved domain with an unknown function. Quantification and microscopic observation of wax accumulation as well as subcellular localization of the GL6 protein provided evidence that gl6 may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of waxes, opening a door for studying this necessary yet poorly understood process for wax loading on plant surfaces.

scholarly journals A study of the interrelationship of the integral characteristics of representation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
V.P. Peskov
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Common System ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Integral Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article raises the issue of representation, indicating that multi-dimensional representation as a psychological phenomenon requires consideration in different coordinate systems. We show that system consideration is not only its study as a multifunctional education complex structure, but also the study of its integral characteristics, as the minimum set of characteristics is required, that provides its short description. We conclude that it is necessary to integrate different measurements, various order qualities and properties of representations, the allocation of determinants system, reflecting its diversity, multidimensionality and correlation of different measurements (characteristics) to each other, as well as their complementarity. We point out that the study of multi-dimensional representation involves the analysis of the relationship of its integral characteristics (controlled, vividness, brightness, sharpness), which will clarify the nature of the desired integral factors and create a common system of methods for studying the representation. We provide the results of correlation analysis of the integral characteristics of representation at different age stages of schooling.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effect of Land Use Change on Surface Runoff in a Rapidly Urbanized City: A Case Study of the Central Area of Beijing

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Hu ◽  
Yunyun Fan ◽  
Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

The change in land use during the process of urbanization affects surface runoff and increases flood risk in big cities. This study investigated the impact of land use change on surface runoff in Beijing’s central area during the period of rapid urbanization from 1984 to 2019. Land use maps of 1984, 1999, 2009, and 2019 were generated by image classification of Landsat images. Surface runoffs were calculated with the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) model. Correlation analysis was used to identify the dominant factor of land use change affecting surface runoff. The result showed that the variation trend of surface runoff was consistent with the trend of impervious land in Beijing’s central area, which increased during 1984~2009 and decreased during 2009~2019. Correlation analysis showed that changes in surface runoff were most strongly correlated with changes in impervious surfaces when compared with the correlation of runoff with other types of land use. The results of this study may provide a reference for city flood control and urban planning in fast growing cities worldwide, especially in developing countries.

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