scholarly journals Far-Red Light-Induced Azolla filiculoides Symbiosis Sexual Reproduction: Responsive Transcripts of Symbiont Nostoc azollae Encode Transporters Whilst Those of the Fern Relate to the Angiosperm Floral Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura W. Dijkhuizen ◽  
Badraldin Ebrahim Sayed Tabatabaei ◽  
Paul Brouwer ◽  
Niels Rijken ◽  
Valerie A. Buijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Azolla Filiculoides ◽  
Species Cluster ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Water Ferns

Water ferns of the genus Azolla and the filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc azollae constitute a model symbiosis that enabled the colonization of the water surface with traits highly desirable for the development of more sustainable crops: their floating mats capture CO2 and fix N2 at high rates using light energy. Their mode of sexual reproduction is heterosporous. The regulation of the transition from the vegetative phase to the spore forming phase in ferns is largely unknown, yet a prerequisite for Azolla domestication, and of particular interest as ferns represent the sister lineage of seed plants. Sporocarps induced with far red light could be crossed so as to verify species attribution of strains from the Netherlands but not of the strain from the Anzali lagoon in Iran; the latter strain was assigned to a novel species cluster from South America. Red-dominated light suppresses the formation of dissemination stages in both gametophyte- and sporophyte-dominated lineages of plants, the response likely is a convergent ecological strategy to open fields. FR-responsive transcripts included those from MIKCC homologues of CMADS1 and miR319-controlled GAMYB transcription factors in the fern, transporters in N. azollae, and ycf2 in chloroplasts. Loci of conserved microRNA (miRNA) in the fern lineage included miR172, yet FR only induced miR529 and miR535, and reduced miR319 and miR159. Phylogenomic analyses of MIKCC TFs suggested that the control of flowering and flower organ specification may have originated from the diploid to haploid phase transition in the homosporous common ancestor of ferns and seed plants.

scholarly journals Control of the Azolla symbiosis sexual reproduction: ferns to shed light on the origin of floral regulation?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura W. Dijkhuizen ◽  
Badraldin Ebrahim Sayed Tabatabaei ◽  
Paul Brouwer ◽  
Niels Rijken ◽  
Valerie A. Buijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacteria ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Sporocarp Formation ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Anzali Lagoon

ABSTRACTAzolla ferns and the filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc azollae constitute a model symbiosis that enabled colonization of the water surface with traits highly desirable for development of more sustainable crops: their floating mats capture CO2 and fixate N2 at high rates phototrophically. Their mode of sexual reproduction is heterosporous. Regulation of the transition from vegetative to spore-forming phases in ferns is largely unknown, yet a pre-requisite for Azolla domestication, and of particular interest since ferns represent the sister lineage of seed plants.Far-red light (FR) induced sporocarp formation in A. filiculoides. Sporocarps obtained, when crossed, verified species attribution of Netherlands strains but not Iran’s Anzali lagoon. FR-responsive transcripts included CMADS1 MIKCC-homologues and miRNA-controlled GAMYB transcription factors in the fern, transporters in N.azollae, and ycf2 in chloroplasts. Loci of conserved miRNA in the fern lineage included miR172, yet FR only induced miR529 and miR535, and reduced miR319 and miR159.Suppression of sexual reproduction in both gametophyte and sporophyte-dominated plant lineages by red light is likely a convergent ecological strategy in open fields as the active control networks in the different lineages differ. MIKCC transcription factor control of flowering and flower organ specification, however, likely originated from the diploid to haploid phase transition in the homosporous common ancestor of ferns and seed plants.

Heterozygote advantage and the evolution of a dominant diploid phase.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Heterozygote Advantage ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Sexual Species ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
Selection For

Abstract The life cycle of eukaryotic, sexual species is divided into haploid and diploid phases. In multicellular animals and seed plants, the diploid phase is dominant, and the haploid phase is reduced to one, or a very few cells, which are dependent on the diploid form. In other eukaryotic species, however, the haploid phase may dominate or the phases may be equally developed. Even though an alternation between haploid and diploid forms is fundamental to sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, relatively little is known about the evolutionary forces that influence the dominance of haploidy or diploidy. An obvious genetic factor that might result in selection for a dominant diploid phase is heterozygote advantage, since only the diploid phase can be heterozygous. In this paper, I analyze a model designed to determine whether heterozygote advantage could lead to the evolution of a dominant diploid phase. The main result is that heterozygote advantage can lead to an increase in the dominance of the diploid phase, but only if the diploid phase is already sufficiently dominant. Because the diploid phase is unlikely to be increased in organisms that are primarily haploid, I conclude that heterozygote advantage is not a sufficient explanation of the dominance of the diploid phase in higher plants and animals.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Genomic Analyses of the OM43 Clade, Including a Novel Species from the Red Sea, Indicate Ecotype Differentiation among Marine Methylotrophs

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francy Jimenez-Infante ◽  
David Kamanda Ngugi ◽  
Manikandan Vinu ◽  
Intikhab Alam ◽  
Allan Anthony Kamau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nadh:Quinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

ABSTRACTThe OM43 clade within the familyMethylophilaceaeofBetaproteobacteriarepresents a group of methylotrophs that play important roles in the metabolism of C1compounds in marine environments and other aquatic environments around the globe. Using dilution-to-extinction cultivation techniques, we successfully isolated a novel species of this clade (here designated MBRS-H7) from the ultraoligotrophic open ocean waters of the central Red Sea. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that MBRS-H7 is a novel species that forms a distinct cluster together with isolate KB13 from Hawaii (Hawaii-Red Sea [H-RS] cluster) that is separate from the cluster represented by strain HTCC2181 (from the Oregon coast). Phylogenetic analyses using the robust 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer revealed a potential ecotype separation of the marine OM43 clade members, which was further confirmed by metagenomic fragment recruitment analyses that showed trends of higher abundance in low-chlorophyll and/or high-temperature provinces for the H-RS cluster but a preference for colder, highly productive waters for the HTCC2181 cluster. This potential environmentally driven niche differentiation is also reflected in the metabolic gene inventories, which in the case of the H-RS cluster include those conferring resistance to high levels of UV irradiation, temperature, and salinity. Interestingly, we also found different energy conservation modules between these OM43 subclades, namely, the existence of the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase complex I (NUO) system in the H-RS cluster and the nonhomologous NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) system in the HTCC2181 cluster, which might have implications for their overall energetic yields.

scholarly journals Chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences indicate late Pennsylvanian time for the last common ancestor of extant seed plants.

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 5163-5167 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Savard ◽  
P. Li ◽  
S. H. Strauss ◽  
M. W. Chase ◽  
M. Michaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Gene Sequences

scholarly journals Did viruses evolve as a distinct supergroup from common ancestors of cells?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajith Harish ◽  
Aare Abroi ◽  
Julian Gough ◽  
Charles Kurland
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Universal Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Genome Scale

AbstractThe evolutionary origins of viruses according to marker gene phylogenies, as well as their relationships to the ancestors of host cells remains unclear. In a recent article Nasir and Caetano-Anollés reported that their genome-scale phylogenetic analyses identify an ancient origin of the “viral supergroup” (Nasir et al (2015) A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution. Science Advances, 1(8):e1500527). It suggests that viruses and host cells evolved independently from a universal common ancestor. Examination of their data and phylogenetic methods indicates that systematic errors likely affected the results. Reanalysis of the data with additional tests shows that small-genome attraction artifacts distort their phylogenomic analyses. These new results indicate that their suggestion of a distinct ancestry of the viral supergroup is not well supported by the evidence.

scholarly journals The PIF1-miR408-PLANTACYANIN Repression Cascade Regulates Light-Dependent Seed Germination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anlong Jiang ◽  
Zhonglong Guo ◽  
Jiawei Pan ◽  
Yanzhi Yang ◽  
Yan Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Copper Protein ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Mature Seeds

Abstract Light-dependent seed germination is a vital process for many seed plants. A decisive event in light-induced germination is degradation of the central repressor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1). The balance between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) helps to control germination. However, the cellular mechanisms linking PIF1 turnover to hormonal balancing remain elusive. Here, employing far-red light-induced Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination as the experimental system, we identified PLANTACYANIN (PCY) as an inhibitor of germination. It is a blue copper protein associated with the vacuole that is both highly expressed in mature seeds and rapidly silenced during germination. Molecular analyses showed that PIF1 binds to the miR408 promoter and represses miR408 accumulation. This in turn posttranscriptionally modulates PCY abundance, forming the PIF1-miR408-PCY repression cascade for translating PIF1 turnover to PCY turnover during early germination. Genetic analysis, RNA-sequencing, and hormone quantification revealed that PCY is necessary and sufficient to maintain the PIF1-mediated seed transcriptome and the low-GA-high-ABA state. Furthermore, we found that PCY domain organization and regulation by miR408 are conserved features in seed plants. These results revealed a cellular mechanism whereby PIF1-relayed external light signals are converted through PCY turnover to internal hormonal profiles for controlling seed germination.

scholarly journals Beyond graphene oxide acidity: Novel insights into graphene related materials effects on the sexual reproduction of seed plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 122380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Candotto Carniel ◽  
Lorenzo Fortuna ◽  
Massimo Nepi ◽  
Giampiero Cai ◽  
Cecilia Del Casino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Seed Plants

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Auxin-Mediated Root Initiation in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1387-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yu ◽  
Yuyun Zhang ◽  
Wu Liu ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Shaoting Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Ceratopteris Richardii ◽  
Molecular Pathway ◽  
Wox Genes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Evolutionary Route ◽  
Root Types

Abstract The root originated independently in euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and lycophytes; however, the molecular evolutionary route of root initiation remains elusive. By analyses of the fern Ceratopteris richardii and seed plants, here we show that the molecular pathway involving auxin, intermediate-clade WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (IC-WOX) genes, and WUSCHEL-clade WOX (WC-WOX) genes could be conserved in root initiation. We propose that the “auxin>IC-WOX>WC-WOX” module in root initiation might have arisen in the common ancestor of euphyllophytes during the second origin of roots, and that this module has further developed during the evolution of different root types in ferns and seed plants.

scholarly journals The PIF1-MIR408-Plantacyanin Repression Cascade Regulates Light Dependent Seed Germination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anlong Jiang ◽  
Zhonglong Guo ◽  
Jiawei Pan ◽  
Yan Zhuang ◽  
Daqing Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Sensing ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Storage Vacuole

ABSTRACTLight-sensing seed germination is a vital process for the seed plants. A decisive event in light-induced germination is degradation of the central repressor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR1 (PIF1). It is also known that the balance between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) critically controls germination. But the cellular mechanisms linking PIF1 turnover to hormonal rebalancing remain elusive. Here, employing far-red light-induced Arabidopsis seed germination as the experimental system, we identified Plantacyanin (PLC) as an inhibitor of germination, which is a storage vacuole-associated blue copper protein highly expressed in mature seed and rapidly silenced during germination. Molecular analyses showed that PIF1 directly binds to the MIR408 promoter and represses miR408 accumulation, which in turn post-transcriptionally modulates PLC abundance, thus forming the PIF1-MIR408-PLC repression cascade for translating PIF1 turnover to PLC turnover during early germination. Genetic analysis, RNA-sequencing, and hormone quantification revealed that PLC is necessary and sufficient to maintain the PIF1-mediated seed transcriptome and the low-GA-high-ABA state. Furthermore, we found that PLC domain organization and regulation by miR408 are conserved features in seed plants. These results unraveled a cellular mechanism whereby PIF1-relayed external light signals are converted through PLC-based copper mobilization into internal hormonal profiles for controlling seed germination.

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