scholarly journals The Role of Fungal Microbiome Components on the Adaptation to Salinity of Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Pereira ◽  
Beatriz R. Vazquez de Aldana ◽  
Juan B. Arellano ◽  
Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Microbiome ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Sea Cliffs

Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa is a perennial grass that inhabits sea cliffs, a habitat where salinity and low nutrient availability occur. These plants have a rich fungal microbiome, and particularly common are their associations with Epichloë festucae in aboveground tissues and with Fusarium oxysporum and Periconia macrospinosa in roots. In this study, we hypothesized that these fungi could affect the performance of F. rubra plants under salinity, being important complements for plant habitat adaptation. Two lines of F. rubra, each one consisting of Epichloë-infected and Epichloë-free clones, were inoculated with the root endophytes (F. oxysporum and P. macrospinosa) and subjected to a salinity treatment. Under salinity, plants symbiotic with Epichloë had lower Na+ content than non-symbiotic plants, but this effect was not translated into plant growth. P. macrospinosa promoted leaf and root growth in the presence and absence of salinity, and F. oxysporum promoted leaf and root growth in the presence and absence of salinity, plus a decrease in leaf Na+ content under salinity. The growth responses could be due to functions related to improved nutrient acquisition, while the reduction of Na+ content might be associated with salinity tolerance and plant survival in the long term. Each of these three components of the F. rubra core mycobiome contributed with different functions, which are beneficial and complementary for plant adaptation to its habitat in sea cliffs. Although our results do not support an obvious role of Epichloë itself in FRP salt tolerance, there is evidence that Epichloë can interact with root endophytes, affecting host plant performance.

scholarly journals Root growth responses to mechanical impedance are regulated by a network of ROS, ethylene and auxin signalling in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy G.R. Jacobsen ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Jennifer F. Topping ◽  
Keith Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
List Type ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Auxin Signalling

SummaryThe growth and development of root systems, essential for plant performance, is influenced by mechanical properties of the substrate in which the plants grow. Mechanical impedance, such as by compacted soil, can reduce root elongation and limit crop productivity.To understand better the mechanisms involved in plant root responses to mechanical impedance stress, we investigated changes in the root transcriptome and hormone signalling responses of Arabidopsis to artificial root barrier systems in vitro.We demonstrate that upon encountering a barrier, reduced Arabidopsis root growth and the characteristic ‘step-like’ growth pattern is due to a reduction in cell elongation associated with changes in signalling gene expression. Data from RNA-sequencing combined with reporter line and mutant studies identified essential roles for reactive oxygen species, ethylene and auxin signalling during the barrier response.We propose a model in which early responses to mechanical impedance include reactive oxygen signalling that is followed by integrated auxin and ethylene responses to mediate root growth changes. Inhibition of ethylene responses allows improved growth in response to root impedance, a result that may inform future crop breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Zinc availability modulates plant growth and immune responses via AZI1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bouain ◽  
Santosh B. Satbhai ◽  
Chorpet Saenchai ◽  
Guilhem Desbrosses ◽  
Pierre Berthomieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractZinc is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms and is involved in a plethora of processes including growth and development, and immunity. However, it is unknown if there is a common genetic and molecular basis underlying multiple facets of zinc function. Here we used natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana to study the role of zinc in regulating growth. We identify allelic variation of the systemic immunity gene AZI1 as a key for determining root growth responses to low zinc conditions. We further demonstrate that this gene is important for modulating root growth depending on the zinc and defence status. Finally, we show that the interaction of the immunity signal azelaic acid and zinc level to regulate root growth is conserved in rice. This work demonstrates that there is a common genetic and molecular basis for multiple zinc dependent processes and that nutrient cues can determine the balance of plant growth and immune responses in plants.

scholarly journals No neighbour-induced increase in root growth of soybean and sunflower in mesh divider experiments after controlling for nutrient concentration and soil volume

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin J W Chen ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Heinjo J During ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Jiahe Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Ideal Free Distribution ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Ideal Free

Abstract Root competition is a key factor determining plant performance, community structure and ecosystem productivity. To adequately estimate the extent of root proliferation of plants in response to neighbours independently of nutrient availability, one should use a setup that can simultaneously control for both nutrient concentration and soil volume at plant individual level. With a mesh-divider design, which was suggested as a promising solution for this problem, we conducted two intraspecific root competition experiments one with soybean (Glycine max) and the other with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We found no response of root growth or biomass allocation to intraspecific neighbours, i.e. an ‘ideal free distribution’ (IDF) norm, in soybean; and even a reduced growth as a negative response in sunflower. These responses are all inconsistent with the hypothesis that plants should produce more roots even at the expense of reduced fitness in response to neighbours, i.e. root over-proliferation. Our results suggest that neighbour-induced root over-proliferation is not a ubiquitous feature in plants. By integrating the findings with results from other soybean studies, we conclude that for some species this response could be a genotype-dependent response as a result of natural or artificial selection, or a context-dependent response so that plants can switch from root over-proliferation to IDF depending on the environment of competition. We also critically discuss whether the mesh-driver design is the ideal solution for root competition experiments.

scholarly journals Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) as an Amendment for Phytostabilization of Highly Multi-PTE Contaminated Soil

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2559
Author(s):  
Maja Radziemska ◽  
Zygmunt M. Gusiatin ◽  
Jiri Holatko ◽  
Tereza Hammerschmiedt ◽  
Andrzej Głuchowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Nano Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Average Plant

In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to searching for new additives which will effectively facilitate the process of immobilizing contaminants in the soil. This work considers the role of the enhanced nano zero valent iron (nZVI) strategy in the phytostabilization of soil contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The experiment was carried out on soil that was highly contaminated with PTEs derived from areas in which metal waste had been stored for many years. The plants used comprised a mixture of grasses—Lolium perenne L. and Festuca rubra L. To determine the effect of the nZVI on the content of PTEs in soil and plants, the samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The addition of nZVI significantly increased average plant biomass (38%), the contents of Cu (above 2-fold), Ni (44%), Cd (29%), Pb (68%), Zn (44%), and Cr (above 2-fold) in the roots as well as the soil pH. The addition of nZVI, on the other hand, was most effective in reducing the Zn content of soil when compared to the control series. Based on the investigations conducted, the application of nZVI to soil highly contaminated with PTEs is potentially beneficial for the restoration of polluted lands.

scholarly journals Impact of Mycorrhization on Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency of Acacia gummifera and Retama monosperma under Salt Stress

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Abdessamad Fakhech ◽  
Martin Jemo ◽  
Najat Manaut ◽  
Lahcen Ouahmane ◽  
Mohamed Hafidi
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Utilization ◽  
Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

The impact of salt stress on the growth and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) of two leguminous species: Retama monosperma and Acacia gummifera was studied. The effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to mitigate salt stress was furthermore assessed. Growth, N and P tissue concentrations, mycorrhizal root colonization frequency and intensity, and P utilization efficiency (PUE) in the absence or presence of AMF were evaluated under no salt (0 mM L−1) and three salt (NaCl) concentrations of (25, 50 and 100 mM L−1) using a natural sterilized soil. A significant difference in mycorrhizal colonization intensity, root-to-shoot ratio, P uptake, PUE, and N uptake was observed between the legume species. Salt stress inhibited the shoot and root growth, and reduced P and N uptake by the legume species. Mycorrhizal inoculation aided to mitigate the effects of salt stress with an average increase of shoot and root growth responses by 35% and 32% in the inoculated than in the non-inoculated A. gummifera treatments. The average shoot and root growth responses were 37% and 45% higher in the inoculated compared to the non-inoculated treatments of R. monosperma. Average mycorrhizal shoot and root P uptake responses were 66% and 68% under A. gummifera, and 40% and 95% under R. monosperma, respectively. Mycorrhizal inoculated treatments consistently maintained lower PUE in the roots. The results provide insights for further investigations on the AMF conferred mechanisms to salt stress tolerance response by A. gummifera and R. monosperma, to enable the development of effective technologies for sustainable afforestation and reforestation programs in the Atlantic coast of Morocco.

scholarly journals Studies on the Role of the are a Gene in the Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Specific Activities

Mutants of Apergillus nidulanswith lesions in a gene, areA (formerly called amdT), have been isolated by a variety of different selection methods. The areA mutants show a range of pleiotropic growth responses to a number of compounds as sole nitrogen sources, but are normal in utilization of carbon sources. The levels of two amidase enzymes as well as urease have been investigated in the mutants and have been shown to be affected by this gene. Most of the areA mutants have much lower amidase-specific activities when grown in ammonium-containing medium, compared with mycelium incubated in medium la9king a nitrogen source. Some of the areA. mutants do not show derepression of urease upon relief of ammonium repression. The dominance relationships of areA alleles have been investigated in� heterozygous diploids, and these studies lend support to the proposal that areA codes for a positively acting regulatory product. One of the new areA alleles is partially dominant to areA + and areA102. This may be a result of negative complementation or indicate that areA has an additional negative reiuIatory function. Investigation.of various amdR; areA double mutants has led to the conclusion that amdR and areA participate in independent regulatory circuits in the control of acetamide utilizatiol1. Studies on an amdRc; areA.double mutant indicate that areA is involved in derepression of acetamidase upon relief of ammo.nium repression.

scholarly journals Akt2 Regulates Cardiac Metabolism and Cardiomyocyte Survival

2006 ◽  
Vol 281 (43) ◽  
pp. 32841-32851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian DeBosch ◽  
Nandakumar Sambandam ◽  
Carla Weinheimer ◽  
Michael Courtois ◽  
Anthony J. Muslin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Infarct Zone ◽  
Targeted Disruption ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Ligand Stimulation ◽  
And Function

The Akt family of serine-threonine kinases participates in diverse cellular processes, including the promotion of cell survival, glucose metabolism, and cellular protein synthesis. All three known Akt family members, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, are expressed in the myocardium, although Akt1 and Akt2 are most abundant. Previous studies demonstrated that Akt1 and Akt3 overexpression results in enhanced myocardial size and function. Yet, little is known about the role of Akt2 in modulating cardiac metabolism, survival, and growth. Here, we utilize murine models with targeted disruption of the akt2 or the akt1 genes to demonstrate that Akt2, but not Akt1, is required for insulin-stimulated 2-[3H]deoxyglucose uptake and metabolism. In contrast, akt2-/- mice displayed normal cardiac growth responses to provocative stimulation, including ligand stimulation of cultured cardiomyocytes, pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction, and myocardial infarction. However, akt2-/- mice were found to be sensitized to cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to ischemic injury, and apoptosis was significantly increased in the peri-infarct zone of akt2-/- hearts 7 days after occlusion of the left coronary artery. These results implicate Akt2 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte metabolism and survival.

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