scholarly journals Sap Flow Disruption in Grapevine Is the Early Signal Predicting the Structural, Functional, and Genetic Responses to Esca Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loris Ouadi ◽  
Emilie Bruez ◽  
Sylvie Bastien ◽  
Amira Yacoub ◽  
Cindy Coppin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Flow Disruption ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Fungal species involved in Esca cause the formation of grapevine wood necroses. It results in the deterioration of vascular network transport capacity and the disturbance of the physiological processes, leading to gradual or sudden grapevine death. Herein, for two consecutive growing seasons, a detailed analysis of the structural (wood necrosis and leaf discoloration) and physiological parameters related to the water use of healthy and esca-symptomatic grapevines was conducted. Measurements were carried out on 17-year-old grapevines that expressed, or not, Esca-leaf symptoms in a vineyard of the Bordeaux region (France). Whole-plant transpiration was recorded continuously from pre-veraison to harvest, using noninvasive sap flow sensors. Whole-plant transpiration was systematically about 40–50% lower in Esca-diseased grapevines compared with controls, and this difference can be observed around 2 weeks before the first Esca-foliar symptoms appeared in the vineyard. Unlike grapevine sap flow disruption, structural (e.g., leaf discolorations), functional (e.g., stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activity, phenolic compounds), and genetic (e.g., expression of leaf-targeted genes) plant responses were only significantly impacted by Esca at the onset and during leaf symptoms development. We conclude that sap flow dynamic, which was related to a high level of a white-rot necrosis, provides a useful tool to predict plant disorders due to Esca-grapevine disease.

Effects of nitrogen supply on xylem cytokinin delivery, transpiration and leaf expansion of pea genotypes differing in xylem-cytokinin concentration

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Dodd ◽  
Chuong Ngo ◽  
Colin G. N. Turnbull ◽  
Christine A. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
N Treatment

The rms2 and rms4 pea (Pisum sativum L.) branching mutants have higher and lower xylem-cytokinin concentration, respectively, relative to wild type (WT) plants. These genotypes were grown at two levels of nitrogen (N) supply for 18–20 d to determine whether or not xylem-cytokinin concentration (X-CK) or delivery altered the transpiration and leaf growth responses to N deprivation. Xylem sap was collected by pressurising de-topped root systems. As sap-flow rate increased, X-CK declined in WT and rms2, but did not change in rms4. When grown at 5.0 mm N, X-CKs of rms2 and rms4 were 36% higher and 6-fold lower, respectively, than WT at sap-flow rates equivalent to whole-plant transpiration. Photoperiod cytokinin (CK) delivery rates (the product of transpiration and X-CK) decreased more than 6-fold in rms4. Growth of plants at 0.5 mm N had negligible (< 10%) effects on transpiration rates expressed on a leaf area basis in WT and rms4, but decreased transpiration rates of rms2. The low-N treatment decreased leaf expansion by 20–25% and expanding leaflet N concentration by 15%. These changes were similar in all genotypes. At sap-flow rates equivalent to whole-plant transpiration, the low N treatment decreased X-CK in rms2 but had no discernible effect in WT and rms4. Since the low N treatment decreased transpiration of all genotypes, photoperiod CK delivery rates also decreased in all genotypes. The similar leaf growth response of all genotypes to N deprivation despite differences in both absolute and relative X-CKs and deliveries suggests that shoot N status is more important in regulating leaf expansion than xylem-supplied cytokinins. The decreased X-CK and transpiration rate of rms2 following N deprivation suggests that changes in xylem-supplied CKs may modify water use.

scholarly journals SUPRAOPTIMAL ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON WATER USE OF THREE CERCIS SPP.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 635c-635
Author(s):  
Beth Jez Lawrence ◽  
Jayne M. Zajicek
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
Sap Flow Measurements

Sap flow rates of three Cercis spp. exposed to supraoptimal root-zone temperatures were characterized in a controlled environment chamber using a water bath to control temperatures. Flow rates of sap in the xylem were measured every 15 sec. and averaged over 15 min. intervals. Sap flow measurements were correlated to root-zone temperatures recorded during the same time intervals. Whole plant transpiration was measured gravimetrically. Root-zone temperatures were maintained at 22C for three consecutive 24-hr cycles and then increased to 45C for an additional three 24-hr periods. All plants, regardless of species, had reduced sap flow patterns when exposed to high root-zone temperatures. Plants maintained at a constant temperature of 22C showed no extreme fluctuations in sap flow rate. Stomatal conductance rates and leaf water potentials showed similar trends to whole plant transpiration.

scholarly journals Oscillatory Transpiration May Complicate Stomatal Conductance and Gas-exchange Measurements

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Rose ◽  
Mark A. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Sap

A closed-loop photosynthesis system and a heat-balance sap-flow gauge independently confirmed oscillatory transpiration in a greenhouse-grown Rosa hybrids L. Repetitive sampling revealed 60-minute synchronized oscillations in CO2-exchange rate, stomatal conductance, and whole-plant sap-flow rate. To avoid confusing cyclical plant responses with random noise in measurement, we suggest that gas-exchange protocols begin with frequent, repetitive measurements to determine whether transpiration is stable or oscillating. Single measurements of individual plants would be justified only when transpiration is steady state.

scholarly journals Technical note on long-term probe misalignment and proposed quality control using the heat pulse method for transpiration estimations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth K. Larsen ◽  
Jose Luis Palau ◽  
Jose Antonio Valiente ◽  
Esteban Chirino ◽  
Juan Bellot
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract. Whole-plant transpiration is a crucial component in the hydrological cycle and a key parameter in many disciplines like agriculture, forestry and ecology. Sap flow measurements are one of the most widely used methods to estimate whole-plant transpiration in woody species due to its wide application range and its ready automation for continuous data readings. Several different methods have been developed and adjusted to different climatic conditions and wood properties. However, the scientific literature also identifies several sources of error in the method that needs to be accounted for; misalignment of the probes, wound to the xylem, thermal diffusivity and stem water content. This study aims to integrate probe misalignment as a function of time to improve readings during long-term measurements (> 3 months). We conclude that even when geometrical misalignments errors are small, the introduced corrections can imply an important shift in sap flow estimations. Additionally, we propose a new set of statistical information to be recorded during the measurement period to use as a quality control of the heat ratio readings obtained from the sensors. By using relative standard deviation and slope as quality indicators we concluded that no general time limit can be decided for all sensors but should rather be determined from individual performance over time.

scholarly journals Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Poyatos ◽  
Víctor Granda ◽  
Víctor Flo ◽  
Mark A. Adams ◽  
Balázs Adorján ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Sap Flow Measurements

Abstract. Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/). We harmonised and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well-represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689, Poyatos et al., 2020a). The sapfluxnetr R package, designed to access, visualise and process SAPFLUXNET data is available from CRAN.

scholarly journals Oscillations of Whole-plant Transpiration in `Moonlight' Rose

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rose ◽  
David J. Beattie ◽  
John W. White
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Oscillatory Pattern ◽  
Whole Plant

Two distinct patterns of whole-plant transpiration (WPT) were observed in `Moonlight' rose (Rosa hybrida L.) using an automated system that integrated a greenhouse climate computer, a heat-balance sap-flow gauge, an electronic lysimeter, and an infrared leaf temperature sensor. One pattern consisted of a steady rate of transpiration in a stable greenhouse environment. The second pattern consisted of large oscillations in transpiration unrelated to any monitored microclimate rhythms. These oscillations had a sine-wave pattern with periods of 50 to 90 minutes and ranged from 2 to 69 g·h-1 in natural light and 3 to 40 g·h-1 under high-pressure sodium lamps at night. Leaf-air temperature difference (T1 - Ta) also oscillated and was inversely related to transpiration rate. Oscillatory transpiration has not been reported in roses. Plant scientists need to recognize the complex and dynamic nature of plant responses such as the oscillatory pattern of WPT monitored in Rosa hybrida when selecting monitoring and control strategies.

scholarly journals Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2607-2649
Author(s):  
Rafael Poyatos ◽  
Víctor Granda ◽  
Víctor Flo ◽  
Mark A. Adams ◽  
Balázs Adorján ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Sap Flow Measurements

Abstract. Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land–atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The “sapfluxnetr” R package – designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data – is available from CRAN.

scholarly journals HIGH ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON DIURNAL WATER USE OF WOODY ORNAMENTAL

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1118a-1118
Author(s):  
B. Jez Lawrence ◽  
J.M. Zajicek
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Zone Temperature

Root-zone temperature fluctuations and sap flow rates were characterized for several woody ornamental plants in a controlled environment using a water bath to control temperatures. Flow rates of sap in the xylem were measured every 15 seconds and averaged over 15 minute intervals. Sap flow measurements were correlated to root-zone temperatures recorded during the same time intervals. Whole plant transpiration was measured gravimetrically. Root-zone temperatures were raised from 22°C to 45°C (slightly below lethality between 9:00 am and 12:00 noon, held at that temperature until 4:00 pm, and then allowed to cool. There was a pronounced diurnal change in flow rate with peak flow during mid-morning declining in mid-afternoon. The decline in the rate of sap flow occurred at a faster rate than the decline in root-zone temperature. This diurnal flow rate was most pronounced during the first 24-hour elevated temperature cycle. Plants maintained at a constant temperature of 22°C showed no such extreme fluctuations in sap flow rate. Stomatal conductance measured with a porometer showed similar trends to whole plant transpiration.

scholarly journals Microbial Communities, Metabolites, Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Collected from Family Farms in Desert Steppe of North China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Haiwen Xu ◽  
Na Na ◽  
Guomei Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
North China ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Lactobacillus Kefiri

Whole-plant corn silages on family farms were sampled in Erdos (S1), Baotou (S2), Ulanqab (S3), and Hohhot (S4) in North China, after 300 d of ensiling. The microbial communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability were assessed. Lactobacillusbuchneri, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium were present at greater abundances than others in S2 with greater bacterial diversity and metabolites. Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus kefiri, and unclassified Lactobacillus accounted for 84.5%, and 88.2%, and 98.3% of bacteria in S1, S3, and S4, respectively. The aerobic stability and fungal diversity were greater in S1 and S4 with greater abundances of unclassified Kazachstania, Kazachstania bulderi, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, Rhizopus microspores, and Candida glabrata than other fungi. The abundances of unclassified Kazachstania in S2 and K. bulderi in S3 were 96.2% and 93.6%, respectively. The main bacterial species in S2 were L. buchneri, A. johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium; Lactobacillus sp. dominated bacterial communities in S1, S3, and S4. The main fungal species in S1 and S4 were unclassified Kazachstania, K. bulderi, C. xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, R. microspores, and C. glabrata; Kazachstania sp. dominated fungal communities in S2 and S3. The high bacterial diversity aided the accumulation of metabolites, and the broad fungal diversity improved the aerobic stability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document