scholarly journals Pseudoexpertise: A Conceptual and Theoretical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joffrey Fuhrer ◽  
Florian Cova ◽  
Nicolas Gauvrit ◽  
Sebastian Dieguez
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Cognition ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Long Run

Some people publicly pretend to be experts while not being ones. They are pseudoexperts, and their presence seems to be ubiquitous in the current cultural landscape. This manuscript explores the nature and mechanisms of pseudoexpertise. We first provide a conceptual analysis of pseudoexperts based on prototypical cases of pseudoexpertise and recent philosophical work on the concept of expertise. This allows us to propose a definition that captures real-world cases of pseudoexpertise, distinguishes it from related but different concepts such as pseudoscience, and highlights what is wrong with pseudoexpertise. Next, based on this conceptual analysis, we propose a framework for further research on pseudoexpertise, built on relevant empirical and theoretical approaches to cultural cognition. We provide exploratory answers to three questions: why is there pseudoexpertise at all; how can pseudoexperts be successful despite not being experts; and what becomes of pseudoexperts in the long run. Together, these conceptual and theoretical approaches to pseudoexpertise draw a preliminary framework from which to approach the very troubling problem posed by persons usurping the capacities and reputations of genuine experts.

scholarly journals Preference-Aware Task Assignment in On-Demand Taxi Dispatching: An Online Stable Matching Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 2245-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boming Zhao ◽  
Pan Xu ◽  
Yexuan Shi ◽  
Yongxin Tong ◽  
Zimu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Real World ◽  
Online Algorithm ◽  
Task Assignment ◽  
Stable Matching ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
New Model ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Long Run

A central issue in on-demand taxi dispatching platforms is task assignment, which designs matching policies among dynamically arrived drivers (workers) and passengers (tasks). Previous matching policies maximize the profit of the platform without considering the preferences of workers and tasks (e.g., workers may prefer high-rewarding tasks while tasks may prefer nearby workers). Such ignorance of preferences impairs user experience and will decrease the profit of the platform in the long run. To address this problem, we propose preference-aware task assignment using online stable matching. Specifically, we define a new model, Online Stable Matching under Known Identical Independent Distributions (OSM-KIID). It not only maximizes the expected total profits (OBJ-1), but also tries to satisfy the preferences among workers and tasks by minimizing the expected total number of blocking pairs (OBJ-2). The model also features a practical arrival assumption validated on real-world dataset. Furthermore, we present a linear program based online algorithm LP-ALG, which achieves an online ratio of at least 1−1/e on OBJ-1 and has at most 0.6·|E| blocking pairs expectedly, where |E| is the total number of edges in the compatible graph. We also show that a natural Greedy can have an arbitrarily bad performance on OBJ-1 while maintaining around 0.5·|E| blocking pairs. Evaluations on both synthetic and real datasets confirm our theoretical analysis and demonstrate that LP-ALG strictly dominates all the baselines on both objectives when tasks notably outnumber workers.

Rethinking State-Non-state Alliances: A Theoretical Analysis of the U.S. Kurdish Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
Ozum Yesiltas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The U.S

This study investigates the growing influence of Middle Eastern non-state actors as agents of foreign policy and their interactions with states through an analysis of the U.S.-Kurdish relationship. Incorporating archival data and interviews with Kurdish and American policy makers, the paper analyses the factors that have affected the U.S.-Kurdish relationship from World War II to the recent Syrian crisis in the context of the mainstream theoretical approaches within the discipline of International Relations. The article concludes that the failure to formulate a coherent Kurdish policy complicates the U.S.’ Middle East strategy and contributes to outcomes unfavourable to U.S. interests in the region.  Abstract in Kurmanji Hêza ji kenaran : Pêşniyara bo siyaseteke derveyî ya hevgirtî ya Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê li hemberî Kurdan Ev lêkolîn tesîra her ku diçe mezin dibe ya aktorên ne-dewletî li Rojhilata Navîn wek failên siyaseta derve, digel danûstandinên wan bi dewletan re, li ser hîma tehlîla têkiliya DYA û Kurdan vedikole. Bi vehewandina daneyên arşîvî û hevdîtinên li gel siyasetmedarên kurd û amerîkî, ev nivîsar nêrînên bîrdozî yên herî berbelav di  babetaTêkiliyên Navneteweyî de bi kar tîne, ji bo ku faktorên bandor li têkiliyên DYA-Kurd ji Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem heta qeyrana surî ya dawîn  kirine, tehlîl bike. Nivîsar bi vê encamê digihîje ku têkçûna sazkirina siyaseteke kurd a hevgirtî ji bo stratejiya DYA ya li Rojhilata Navîn zehmetiyan derdixe û netîceyên neyînî bo berjewendiyên DYA jî bi xwe re tîne. Abstract in Sorani Hêzê Sînoran: Kurdan Reyde Mesela Sîyasetê Teberî yê DYA yê ‘Pêgirewteyî’ Pê analîzê têkilîya DYA û kurdan, no cigêrayîş Rojhelato Mîyanên de tesîrê averşîyayoxî yê aktoranê bêdewletanê sey ajananê sîyasetê teberî û dewletan reyde înteraksîyonanê nê aktoran tehqîq keno. Bi dayeyanê arşîvan û roportajanê qerardaranê sîyasetî reyde, no nuşte faktoranê ke Cengê Cîhanî yê II. ra heta krîzê Sûrîye yê nikayinî têkilîya DYA û kurdan ser o tesîr kerdo, ê faktoran çarçewaya teorîyanê bingeyênan yê beşê Têkilîya Mîyanneteweyî de analîz keno. Na meqale netîce de vana ke DYA besenêkerd polîtîkayêka kurdan a pêgirewtîye virazê, na kêmanîye kî Rojhelato Mîyanên de stratejîya DYA kena têmîyan û peynîye de faydeyê xo nêreseno menfeatanê DYA yê a herême. Abstract in Zazaki Destellat le kenarewe : keysêk derbarey hawrrayî le siyasetî derewey Emerîka da beramber be Kurdekan Em nûsîne le karîgerî geşesendinî hêzwektere bê-netewekan le ser siyasetî Rojhellatî Nawerrast da dekollêtewe, legell peywendiyan legell dewlletekan da le rêgayi şirovekirdinî peywendî nêwan wîlayete yekgirtwekanî Emerîka û Kurdekan da. Be têkellkirdinî datay erşîf û çawpêketin legell siyasetmedare emerîkî û Kurdekan da, em nûsîne şirovey ew fakterane dekat ke karîgeryan le ser peywendî nêwan wîlayete yekgrtwekanî emerîka û Kurdekan da hebuh le cengî cîhanî duwemewe heta qeyranî tazey Suriya, le çwarçêwey têore berbillawekan le zanistî peywendiye nîwdewlletiyekan da. Encamî wutareke eweye ke be hoy şikesthênan le dirustkirdinî siyasetêkî yekgirtû beramber Kurdekan, astengî bo planî Wîlayete Yekgrtwekanî Emerîka le Rojhellatî Nawerrast da dirust dekat û debête hoy dirustbûnî derencamî nerênî le qazancî Wîlayete Yekgirtwekanî Emerîka le nawçeke da.

Semantic Analysis of Bloggers Experiences as a Knowledge Source of Average Human Morality

2015 ◽  
pp. 73-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Rzepka ◽  
Kenji Araki
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Real World ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Knowledge Source ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run

This chapter introduces an approach and methods for creating a system that refers to human experiences and thoughts about these experiences in order to ethically evaluate other parties', and in a long run, its own actions. It is shown how applying text mining techniques can enrich machine's knowledge about the real world and how this knowledge could be helpful in the difficult realm of moral relativity. Possibilities of simulating empathy and applying proposed methods to various approaches are introduced together with discussion on the possibility of applying growing knowledge base to artificial agents for particular purposes, from simple housework robots to moral advisors, which could refer to millions of different experiences had by people in various cultures. The experimental results show efficiency improvements when compared to previous research and also discuss the problems with fair evaluation of moral and immoral acts.

scholarly journals The innovative personal potential: the content of the concept and empirical study

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00057
Author(s):  
Valeriia Kapustina ◽  
Eugenia Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Real World ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
State Technical ◽  
Behavioral Component ◽  
Simple Idea ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
New Information

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of an innovative personal potential as a psychological construct. Well-known definitions of an innovative personal potential have such characteristics as openness to new information and experience (cognitive component), a desire to change/willingness to create something new (motivational component), innovative activity (behavioral component) and value-semantic system (axiological component). The empirical study of an innovative personal potential of student was held in Novosibirsk State Technical University. Authors used psychological tests (KTS by D. Keirsey, TAS by S. Badner; Tests by F. Williams, the scale of self-esteem of an innovative personality traits by N.M. Lebedeva, A.N. Tatarko, “Problems of the real world” by R. Sternberg). The sample included 177 students. The correlational analysis showed that students, who consider themselves innovative persons, show interest, plays with ideas, reflects on the hidden meaning. They are tolerant to new situations, to the emergence of possible difficulties, they tend to be open, relaxed, free, mobile, trendwatching and are able to deviate from obvious and generally accepted things and develop a simple idea to make it more interesting. Also, it is found that Rational and Idealist types have more apparent characteristics of an innovative personal potential.

A NOTE ON OPTIMAL DEBT REDUCTION POLICIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1850-1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide la Torre ◽  
Simone Marsiglio
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Social Planner ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reduction Problem ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Over Time

We analyze the optimal debt reduction problem in an uncertainty context. The social planner has a finite horizon and seeks to minimize the social costs associated with debt repayment by taking into account not only the short-run costs of the policy, but also the long-run costs associated with the outstanding level of debt. We characterize the optimal policy and the dynamics of the debt-to-GDP ratio, showing that it will decrease over time if economic policy is effective enough. We characterize how the evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio depends on the main parameters and we present a simple calibration based on Greek data to illustrate the implications of our analysis in real-world setups.

Publishing without belief

Analysis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Plakias
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Philosophical Community

Abstract Is there anything wrong with publishing philosophical work which one does not believe (publishing without belief, henceforth referred to as ‘PWB’)? I argue that there is not: the practice isn’t intrinsically wrong, nor is there a compelling consequentialist argument against it. Therefore, the philosophical community should neither proscribe nor sanction it. The paper proceeds as follows. First, I’ll clarify and motivate the problem, using both hypothetical examples and a recent real-world case. Next, I’ll look at arguments that there is something wrong with PWB, and show that none is sound. Then, I’ll give some reasons for thinking a norm against PWB is detrimental to the profession. Do I believe these arguments? If I’m right, it shouldn’t matter.

Reflections on Sustainable Development Planning in the Agricultural Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Aigul TLESOVA ◽  
Saule PRIMBETOVA ◽  
Aigul KAZAMBAYEVA ◽  
Saltanat YESSENGALIYEVA ◽  
Farida MUKHAMBETKALIYEVA
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Food Reserves

In the past few years, we have experienced a transition from the decades-long period of falling real prices of grains, and food more generally, to a new market environment in which commodity and food prices are higher, more volatile and more highly influenced by petroleum prices. The problems of reaction for price volatility, both in the short- and long-run, are complex and multifaceted. Looking back at the 2007/08 crisis, countries responded through a spectrum of policies, but were largely unprepared, resulting in ad hoc and short-term mechanisms. Countries maintaining food reserves used these to intervene directly in the market to stabilize domestic prices. Many food importing countries reduced import tariffs, while several surplus producing countries limited, or even banned, exports in order to avoid food shortages and further domestic price increases. For whatever actions governments consider taking, it is always important to keep in mind the full set of policy measures, the wider risks and possible responses for the targeted population. The following suggests that choosing appropriate policies requires a deeper understanding of the issues at stake. This paper analyses the various theoretical approaches to the planning of agricultural and food areas of Kazakhstan. The authors consider that the method of forecast scenarios is the most effective one.

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