scholarly journals Embodied Irrationality? Knowledge Avoidance, Willful Ignorance, and the Paradox of Autonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Arfini ◽  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Epistemic Rationality ◽  
Willful Ignorance ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Epistemic Feelings ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Selection Of

In the current philosophical and psychological literature, knowledge avoidance and willful ignorance seem to be almost identical conditions involved in irrational patterns of reasoning. In this paper, we will argue that not only these two phenomena should be distinguished, but that they also fall into different parts of the epistemic rationality-irrationality spectrum. We will adopt an epistemological and embodied perspective to propose a definition for both terms. Then, we will maintain that, while willful ignorance is involved in irrational patterns of reasoning and beliefs, knowledge avoidance should be considered epistemically rational under particular circumstances. We will begin our analysis by considering which of the two phenomena is involved in patterns of reasoning that are still amply recognized as irrational—as wishful thinking, self-deception, and akrasia. We will then discuss the impact of epistemic feelings—which are emotional events that depend on epistemic states—on agents' decision-making. Then, we will consider the impact of willful ignorance and knowledge avoidance on agents' autonomy. By considering these issues, we will argue that when agents are aware that they are avoiding certain information (and aware of what kind of feelings acquiring the information would trigger), knowledge avoidance should be considered a rational, autonomy-increasing, hope-depended selection of information.

Spousal Attitude Towards Exerting Conflict Resolution Strategies in Decision Making

Paradigm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Shivendra Singh ◽  
Atul Dhyani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Marital Power ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The Family ◽  
Conflict Resolution Strategies ◽  
Decision Satisfaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Family is one entity that has complex variables underplaying the consumption decisions, and marketers must understand how couples behave in concert to resolve conflict across major decisions. In this study, the family aspects are investigated to shed more light on spouse attitude towards family decision-making for selection of car and school/college for their ward and assess the impact of attitudinal factor on decision satisfaction. The drop-off/pick-up method was used to collect the data from Northern India. The result reveals that spousal attitude is formed by marital power, assertiveness, subtle manipulation, love, bargaining and being submissive. Results of multiple regression analysis show that subtle manipulation is most and marital power has a negative impact on spouses’ decision satisfaction. Thus, when targeting a family for a significant trades assay, the salesperson should focus on both husband and wife and stimulate a conversation between them to appeal to their conjoint kinship.

Life cycle analysis of mortars and its environmental impact

2005 ◽  
Vol 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Moropoulou ◽  
Christopher Koroneos ◽  
Maria Karoglou ◽  
Eleni Aggelakopoulou ◽  
Asterios Bakolas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Cement Binder ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Lca Results

AbstractOver the years considerable research has been conducted on masonry mortars regarding their compatibility with under restoration structures. The environmental dimension of these materials may sometimes be a prohibitive factor in the selection of these materials. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that can be used to assess the environmental impact of the materials. LCA can be a very useful tool in the decision making for the selection of appropriate restoration structural material. In this work, a comparison between traditional type of mortars and modern ones (cement-based) is attempted. Two mortars of traditional type are investigated: with aerial lime binder, with aerial lime and artificial pozzolanic additive and one with cement binder. The LCA results indicate that the traditional types of mortars are more sustainable compared to cementbased mortars. For the impact assessment, the method used is Eco-indicator 95

scholarly journals The impact of stress on financial decision-making varies as a function of depression and anxiety symptoms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J Robinson ◽  
Rebecca Bond ◽  
Jonathan P Roiser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Financial Decision Making ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Stress can precipitate the onset of mood and anxiety disorders. This may occur, at least in part, via a modulatory effect of stress on decision-making. Some individuals are, however, more resilient to the effects of stress than others. The mechanisms underlying such vulnerability differences are nevertheless unknown. In this study we attempted to begin quantifying individual differences in vulnerability by exploring the effect of experimentally induced stress on decision-making. Threat of unpredictable shock was used to induce stress in healthy volunteers (N=47) using a within-subjects, within-session design, and its impact on a financial decision-making task (the Iowa Gambling Task) was assessed alongside anxious and depressive symptomatology. As expected, participants learned to select advantageous decks and avoid disadvantageous decks. Importantly, we found that stress provoked a pattern of harm-avoidant behaviour (decreased selection of disadvantageous decks) in individuals with low levels of trait anxiety. By contrast, individuals with high trait anxiety demonstrated the opposite pattern: stress-induced risk-seeking (increased selection of disadvantageous decks). These contrasting influences of stress depending on mood and anxiety symptoms might provide insight into vulnerability to common mental illness. In particular, we speculate that those who adopt a more harm-avoidant strategy may be better able to regulate their exposure to further environmental stress, reducing their susceptibility to mood and anxiety disorders. The threat of shock paradigm we employed might therefore hold promise as a ‘stress-test’ for determining individual vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Intraparietal stimulation disrupts negative distractor effects in human multi-alternative decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Kohl ◽  
Michelle Wong ◽  
Jing Jun Wong ◽  
Matthew Rushworth ◽  
Bolton Chau
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Decision Space ◽  
Binary Decision ◽  
Distractor Effect ◽  
Divisive Normalization ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alternative Decision ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract There has been debate about whether addition of an irrelevant distractor option to an otherwise binary decision influences which of the two choices is taken. We show that disparate views on this question are reconciled if distractors exert two opposing but not mutually exclusive effects. Each effect predominates in a different part of decision space: 1) a positive distractor effect predicts high-value distractors improve decision-making; 2) a negative distractor effect, of the type associated with divisive normalisation models, entails decreased accuracy with increased distractor values. Here, we demonstrate both distractor effects coexist in human decision making but in different parts of a decision space defined by the choice values. We show disruption of the medial intraparietal area (MIP) by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) increases positive distractor effects at the expense of negative distractor effects. Furthermore, individuals with larger MIP volumes are also less susceptible to the disruption induced by TMS. These findings also demonstrate a causal link between MIP and the impact of distractors on decision-making via divisive normalization.

Truth telling and consent

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Emanuel ◽  
Rebecca Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Truth telling and informed consent are relatively recently established legal and ethical norms in end-of-life health care. This chapter provides an exploratory guide to the evolution of both norms, highlighting some of the benefits, problems, and issues associated with both terms. It also presents a selection of the stepwise protocols and practices which Western medicine has developed in order to deliver patient-centred palliative care which comforts and relieves. In addition, the chapter discusses the impact that constant adjustment to loss can have on patient psychology and decision-making in end-of-life care scenarios and the value of framing that experience in terms of continuous reintegration. Finally, the chapter discusses the lessons which can be learned from the contested place of family within health-care systems where decision-making depends on truth telling and informed consent, and the lessons which can be learned from familism across the globe.

scholarly journals Scar Resurfacing

2020 ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
Fiona M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secondary Healing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractScar resurfacing is focused on the improvement in the quality of a scar by disruption of the skin surface and reducing the bulk of the scar by control of the secondary healing process. The prerequisite is knowledge of the wound healing and scarring process such that the intervention can be designed to reduce the risk of increasing the scarring.The clinical examination and assessment of the scar will guide the selection of the technique addressing the specific aspects of the scar, such as the pigment restoration and volume reduction, with the aim of blending the scar with the surrounding uninjured skin.Understanding the natural history of the scar, the impact it has on the patient, and the techniques available for improvement provides the clinical decision-making matrix to drive an improved scar outcome. Resurfacing is one opportunity for scar modulation which needs to be taken into context relative to the range of conservative and surgical therapeutic opportunities explored within the chapters of the book.

Application of DEMATEL and MMDE for Analyzing Key Influencing Factors Relevant to Selection of Supply Chain Coordination Schemes

2018 ◽  
pp. 1688-1710
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Behera ◽  
Kampan Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Selection Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Selection Of

Any selection decision of supply chain coordination schemes (SCCS) is essentially affected by the environment where the schemes are to be implemented, the necessary conditions required for their implementation, the risk associated with the implementation, and the impact on the performance of the supply chain. Because of the multi-dimensional characteristics; the selection of appropriate SCCS in a given situation remains a challenging task for supply chain managers. This study explores relevant factors that influence this selection process. A structural model is proposed to capture relationships among these factors for development of Impact Relationship Maps (IRM) by applying Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Maximum Mean De-Entropy (MMDE) algorithm. A study has been conducted and the outcome leads to add significant value to the decision making process with knowledge on the roles of the factors and inter-factor relations which helps in taking meaningful decision on SCCS selection and implementation.

Application of DEMATEL and MMDE for Analyzing Key Influencing Factors Relevant to Selection of Supply Chain Coordination Schemes

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Behera ◽  
Kampan Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Selection Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Selection Of

Any selection decision of supply chain coordination schemes (SCCS) is essentially affected by the environment where the schemes are to be implemented, the necessary conditions required for their implementation, the risk associated with the implementation, and the impact on the performance of the supply chain. Because of the multi-dimensional characteristics; the selection of appropriate SCCS in a given situation remains a challenging task for supply chain managers. This study explores relevant factors that influence this selection process. A structural model is proposed to capture relationships among these factors for development of Impact Relationship Maps (IRM) by applying Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Maximum Mean De-Entropy (MMDE) algorithm. A study has been conducted and the outcome leads to add significant value to the decision making process with knowledge on the roles of the factors and inter-factor relations which helps in taking meaningful decision on SCCS selection and implementation.

scholarly journals A Case Study Analysis on the Impact of a Hybrid Application of the Best Value Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Lars Claassen ◽  
Arjan Roodhorst ◽  
Isaac Kashiwagi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The Best Value Approach (BVA) has been used as a method to procure and manage services. As the BVA is further proliferated, there are applications of the BVA which deviate from the standard approach which are labeled as hybrid processes. This research focuses on better understanding BVA hybrid projects and the implications that may arise with such deviations. Using case study research, the BVA was used to procure services for the construction of ships. The research findings show the impact of hybrid applications of the BVA including (1) the selection of suppliers based on decision making instead of expertise (2) attempts to share and transfer risk, (3) incomplete clarification phase planning by expert suppliers, and (4) incomplete use of the Weekly Risk Report and Director’s report to track project deviation. The resulting hybrid application was found to have increased costs, increased decision making, and created a non-transparent environment. Suggestions have been made to improve upon these areas by applying the BVA structure including a selection process to identify expertise and a project management process which utilizes the supplier’s expertise to create a structure of transparency through performance metrics.

scholarly journals Facebook Communication and Marketing Influence on Decision-Making and Choice of University Student Representatives: A Student’s Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapiwa Chininga ◽  
Ellen Rungani ◽  
Norman Chiliya ◽  
Tinashe Chuchu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Peer Communication ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
University Of Fort Hare ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Facebook has become the main platform for young adults to sustain their social presence as well as expand their social networks. The impact of social media on youth decision-making has attracted much attention in research and academia. The research setting was at University of Fort Hare, a university located in South Africa. Before and during a student representative council (SRC) election at the university, the six student parties contesting for the leadership office utilised Facebook in communicating and marketing their campaign messages to fellow students. This research therefore empirically investigated how Facebook influenced university students’ intention to vote and elect an SRC for the institution. The survey methodology was adopted in collecting data and non-probability sampling, a form of convenience sampling was utilised in selection of suitable participants for the study. A total of 381 students participated in the study responding to questions examining potential drivers of selection of a particular student representative party (SRP). A conceptual model was developed with Facebook constructs that included “medium credibility of Facebook”, “peer communication on Facebook” and “user trust of Facebook” among other factors that influence students’ choice of an (SRP). The main findings established that identification with peers was observed as having the most significant impact on youths’ intention to vote for student representatives. Message credibility was found to have weak impact on student’s intention to vote for a particular (SRC) candidate. Implications emerged from the findings and further research suggestions were provided.

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