scholarly journals Change in Work-Related Income Following the Uptake of Treatment for Mental Disorders Among Young Migrant and Non-migrant Women in Norway: A National Register Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Angelika Hynek ◽  
Anna-Clara Hollander ◽  
Aart C. Liefbroer ◽  
Lars Johan Hauge ◽  
Melanie Lindsay Straiton
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Women, and migrant women in particular, are at increased risk of many common mental disorders, which may potentially impact their labor market participation and their work-related income. Previous research found that mental disorders are associated with several work-related outcomes such as loss of income, however, not much is known about how this varies with migrant background. This study investigated the change in work-related income following the uptake of outpatient mental healthcare (OPMH) treatment, a proxy for mental disorder, in young women with and without migrant background. Additionally, we looked at how the association varied by income level.Methods: Using data from four national registries, the study population consisted of women aged 23–40 years residing in Norway for at least three consecutive years between 2006 and 2013 (N = 640,527). By using a stratified linear regression with individual fixed effects, we investigated differences between majority women, descendants and eight migrant groups. Interaction analysis was conducted in order to examine differences in income loss following the uptake of OPMH treatment among women with and without migrant background.Results: Results showed that OPMH treatment was associated with a decrease in income for all groups. However, the negative effect was stronger among those with low income. Only migrant women from Western and EU Eastern Europe with a high income were not significantly affected following OPMH treatment.Conclusion: Experiencing a mental disorder during a critical age for establishment in the labor market can negatively affect not only income, but also future workforce participation, and increase dependency on social welfare services and other health outcomes, regardless of migrant background. Loss of income due to mental disorders can also affect future mental health, resulting in a vicious circle and contributing to more inequalities in the society.

scholarly journals Change in Work-Related Income Following the Uptake of Treatment for Mental Disorders Among Young Migrant Women in Norway: A National Register Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Angelika Hynek ◽  
Melanie Lindsay Straiton ◽  
Anna-Clara Hollander ◽  
Aart Liefbroer ◽  
Lars Johan Hauge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Work Related

Abstract Background: Mental disorders are associated with several work-related outcomes such as loss of income. However, studies investigating the effect of mental disorders on work-related income by migrant background are lacking. This study aimed to assess the change in work-related income following the uptake of outpatient mental healthcare (OPMH) treatment, a proxy for mental disorder, in young women with migrant background. Additionally, we looked at how this varied by income level.Methods: This study makes use of data from several national registries. The study population consisted of women aged 23-40 years residing in Norway for at least three consecutive years between 2006 and 2013 (N=640,527). By using a stratified linear regression with individual fixed effects, we investigated differences between the majority women, descendants and eight migrant groups. Interaction analysis was conducted in order to examine the differences in income loss following the uptake of OPMH treatment among women with and without migrant background. Results: Results show that OPMH treatment was associated with a decrease in income for all groups. However, the negative effect was stronger among those with low income. Only migrant women from EU Eastern Europe with a high income were not significantly affected following OPMH treatment. Conclusions: Experiencing a mental disorder during a critical age for establishment in the labour market may not only affect income but also subsequent workforce participation and dependency on social welfare services, regardless of migrant background, resulting in large economic costs for both the individual and for the society as a whole.

scholarly journals Change in Work-Related Income Following the Uptake of Treatment for Mental Disorders Among Young Migrant Women in Norway: A National Register Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Angelika Hynek ◽  
Anna-Clara Hollander ◽  
Aart Liefbroer ◽  
Lars Johan Hauge ◽  
Melanie Lindsay Straiton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Work Related

Abstract Purpose Mental disorders are associated with several work-related outcomes such as loss of income. Not much is known about how this varies with migrant background. This study investigated the change in work-related income following the uptake of outpatient mental healthcare (OPMH) treatment, a proxy for mental disorder, in young women with and without migrant background. Additionally, we looked at how the association varied by income levelMethods Using data from four national registries, the study population consisted of women aged 23-40 years residing in Norway for at least three consecutive years between 2006 and 2013 (N=640,527). By using a stratified linear regression with individual fixed effects, we investigated differences between majority women, descendants and eight migrant groups. Interaction analysis was conducted in order to examine differences in income loss following the uptake of OPMH treatment among women with and without migrant background. Results OPMH treatment was associated with a decrease in income for all groups. However, the negative effect was stronger among those with low income. Only migrant women from EU Eastern Europe with a high income were not significantly affected following OPMH treatment. Conclusion Experiencing a mental disorder during a critical age for establishment in the labour market may not only affect income but also subsequent workforce participation and dependency on social welfare services, regardless of migrant background, resulting in large economic costs for both the individual and for society as a whole.

Excess mortality of mental disorder

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Harris ◽  
Brian Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
English Language ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Standardised Mortality Ratios ◽  
The Common

BackgroundWe describe the increased risk of premature death from natural and from unnatural causes for the common mental disorders.MethodWith a Medline search (1966–1995) we found 152 English language reports on the mortality of mental disorder which met our inclusion criteria. From these reports, covering 27 mental disorder categories and eight treatment categories, we calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all causes of death, all natural causes and all unnatural causes; and for most, SMRs for suicide, other violent causes and specific natural causes.ResultsHighest risks of premature death, from both natural and unnatural causes, are for substance abuse and eating disorders. Risk of death from unnatural causes is especially high for the functional disorders, particularly schizophrenia and major depression. Deaths from natural causes are markedly increased for organic mental disorders, mental retardation and epilepsy.ConclusionAll mental disorders have an increased risk of premature death.

scholarly journals Overtime working patterns and adverse events in work-related suicide cases: hierarchical cluster analysis of national compensation data in Japan (fiscal year 2015–2016)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Nishimura ◽  
Takashi Yamauchi ◽  
Takeshi Sasaki ◽  
Toru Yoshikawa ◽  
Masaya Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Work Related

Abstract Background Although various work-related adverse events affect workers’ mental health, the association between long working hours and mental disorders remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of overtime work and work-related adverse events among all cases of compensated work-related suicide in Japan to empirically reveal the context of the serious consequences. Methods We analysed all 167 cases of mental disorders resulting in suicide that were compensated in fiscal year 2015–2016. Hierarchical clustering was applied to the overtime working history. Work-related adverse events were also evaluated as the qualitative aspects of their jobs. Results More than half of the cases committed suicide within a month of developing a mental disorder. The Administrative and professional or engineering workers had a higher suicide rate. The clustering analysis revealed chronic long working hours (19%), gradual increase (27%), or rapid increase (25%) in working hours before the onset of a mental disorder. A group of cases with less overwork experienced more interpersonal conflicts. Conclusion This is the first study to employ a clustering technique to objectively reveal the actual working patterns behind suicide. The patterns of working overtime before the onset of mental disorders varied considerably among the cases. Taking the transition of working overtime into account may provide clearer insight into the relationship between long working hours and workers’ mental health. These results highlight the need for countermeasures especially for causes of chronic overworking, drastic increases in working hours, and interpersonal conflicts to prevent work-related suicide.

scholarly journals Parental income as a marker for socioeconomic position during childhood and later risk of developing a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder examined across the full diagnostic spectrum: a national cohort study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hakulinen ◽  
Pearl L. H. Mok ◽  
Henriette Thisted Horsdal ◽  
Carsten B. Pedersen ◽  
Preben B. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Socioeconomic Mobility ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Subsequent Risk

Abstract Background Links between parental socioeconomic position during childhood and subsequent risks of developing mental disorders have rarely been examined across the diagnostic spectrum. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of parental income level, including income mobility, during childhood and risks for developing mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care in young adulthood. Methods National cohort study of persons born in Denmark 1980–2000 (N = 1,051,265). Parental income was measured during birth year and at ages 5, 10 and 15. Follow-up began from 15th birthday until mental disorder diagnosis or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first. Hazard ratios and cumulative incidence were estimated. Results A quarter (25.2%; 95% CI 24.8–25.6%) of children born in the lowest income quintile families will have a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder by age 37, versus 13.5% (13.2–13.9%) of those born in the highest income quintile. Longer time spent living in low-income families was associated with higher risks of developing mental disorders. Associations were strongest for substance misuse and personality disorders and weaker for mood disorders and anxiety/somatoform disorders. An exception was eating disorders, with low parental income being associated with attenuated risk. For all diagnostic categories examined except for eating disorders, downward socioeconomic mobility was linked with higher subsequent risk and upward socioeconomic mobility with lower subsequent risk of developing mental disorders. Conclusions Except for eating disorders, low parental income during childhood is associated with subsequent increased risk of mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care across the diagnostic spectrum. Early interventions to mitigate the disadvantages linked with low income, and better opportunities for upward socioeconomic mobility could reduce social and mental health inequalities.

scholarly journals Perceived burden of care and reported coping strategies and needs for family caregivers of people with mental disorders in Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bazondlile D. Marimbe ◽  
Frances Cowan ◽  
Lazarus Kajawu ◽  
Florence Muchirahondo ◽  
Crick Lund
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Care Giving

Background: Mental health service resources are inadequate in low-income countries, and families are frequently expected to provide care for their relative with a mental disorder. However, research on the consequences of care giving has been limited in low-income countries, including Zimbabwe.Objective: The study explored the perceived impact of mental illness, reported coping strategies and reported needs of family members of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia attending a psychiatric hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe.Methods: A purposive sample of 31 family members participated in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions using standardized study guides. Participants were also screened for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) using the 14-item Shona Symptom questionnaire (SSQ). Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16) was used for quantitative data analysis.Results: Caregivers experienced physical, psychological, emotional, social and financial burden associated with care giving. They used both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies depending on the ill family members’ behaviours. Seeking spiritual assistance emerged as their most common way of coping. Twenty one (68%) of the caregivers were at risk of CMD and were referred to a psychiatrist for further management. Caregivers required support from health care professionals to help them cope better.Conclusion: Caregivers carry a substantial and frequently unrecognized burden of caring for a family member with mental disorder. Better support is needed from health professionals and social services to help them cope better. Further research is required to quantitatively measure caregiver burden and evaluate potential interventions in Zimbabwe.

Poverty, psychological disorder and disability in primary care attenders in Goa, India

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Patel ◽  
Jerson Pereira ◽  
Livia Countinho ◽  
Romaldina Fernandes ◽  
John Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Primary Health

BackgroundThis study examined the association of common mental disorders in primary health clinic attenders with indicators of poverty and disability in Goa, India.MethodAdult attenders (n=303) in two primary health clinics were recruited.ResultsThere were 141 (46.5%) cases of common mental disorder. The following were associated with common mental disorder: female gender; inability to buy food due to lack of money; and being in debt. Cases scored significantly higher on all measures of disability. Primary health clinic staff recognised a third of the morbidity but used multiple oral drugs, injectable vitamins and benzodiazepines to treat common mental disorders.ConclusionsPoverty is closely associated with common mental disorder which in turn is associated with deprivation and despair. Primary mental health care priorities in low-income countries need to shift from psychotic disorders which often need specialist care to common mental disorders. Health policy and development agencies need to acknowledge the intimate association of female gender and poverty with these disorders.

scholarly journals Sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders in Brazil: associations in a population-based study

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1854-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anadergh Barbosa-Branco ◽  
Ute Bültmann ◽  
Ivan Steenstra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sickness Benefit ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Over 40 Years

This study aims to determine the prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders and their association with economic activity, sex, age, work-relatedness and income replacement using a population-based study of sickness benefit claims (> 15 days) due to mental disorders in Brazil carried out in 2008. The prevalence of mental disorders was 45.1 claims per 10,000 workers. Prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorder were higher and longer in workers aged over 40 years. Prevalence of claims was 73% higher in women but duration of sickness benefit claims was longer in men. Prevalence rates for claims differed widely according to economic activity, with sewage, residential care and programming and broadcasting activities showing the highest rates. Claims were deemed to be work-related in 8.5% of cases with mental disorder showing low work-relatedness in Brazil. A wide variation of prevalence and duration between age, economic activity and work-relatedness was observed, suggesting that working conditions are a more important factor in mental disorder work disability than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic factors in disability retirement due to mental disorders in Finland

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1218-1224
Author(s):  
Tino Karolaakso ◽  
Reija Autio ◽  
Turkka Näppilä ◽  
Kirsti Nurmela ◽  
Sami Pirkola
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Hospital District ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Previous research has identified low socioeconomic status (SES) as an epidemiological risk factor for early retirement and disability pension (DP) due to mental disorders. This study aims to examine these associations in greater detail, with separate consideration of the risk factors for mood disorders (F30–39) and non-affective psychotic disorder (F20–29) DP. Methods In this case–control setting the subjects (N = 36 879) were all those granted DP due to a mental disorder for the first time between 2010 and 2015 in Finland. All the subjects were matched with three controls for their gender, age and hospital district (N = 94 388). Three measures of dimensions of SES were used: education, income and occupational status, as well as family type as a control factor. Differences between DP recipients and controls, and between diagnostic groups, were studied using calculated characteristics and conditional logistic regression models. Results DP recipients often lived alone and had low educational and income levels. These characteristics were more prominent in non-affective psychotic disorder than in mood disorder DP. In white-collar occupational groups, the risk of DP was greater compared with blue-collar workers. Students were associated with the highest level of risk for all mental and mood disorder DPs. Conclusions We found evidence of SES factors associating with mental disorder-related severe loss of working and studying ability in a disorder-specific way. Notably, white-collar workers had an increased risk of mental disorder DP. This could be related to the psychosocially demanding contemporary working life in non-manual work.

scholarly journals Risk factors for common mental disorders in women

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Patel ◽  
Betty R. Kirkwood ◽  
Sulochana Pednekar ◽  
Helen Weiss ◽  
David Mabey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychological Symptom ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Chronic Physical Illness ◽  
Incident Cases

BackgroundThe determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.MethodPopulation-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.ResultsThere were 39 incident cases of common mental disorder in 2166 participants eligible for analysis (12-month rate 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3–2.4%). The following baseline factors were independently associated with the risk for common mental disorder: poverty (low income and having difficulty making ends meet); being married as compared with being single; use of tobacco; experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge; reporting a chronic physical illness; and having higher psychological symptom scores at baseline.ConclusionsProgrammes to reduce the burden of common mental disorder in women should target poorer women, women with chronic physical illness and who have gynaecological symptoms, and women who use tobacco.

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