scholarly journals Evaluation of Agricultural Byproducts and Cover Crops as Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Carbon Sources for Managing a Soilborne Disease Complex in High Tunnel Tomatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
Francesca Rotondo ◽  
Matthew P. Mills ◽  
Madeline M. Horvat ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Soilborne Disease ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Corn Gluten

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a viable option for disease management in tomato production and reduces damage due to a soilborne disease complex consisting of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Colletotrichum coccodes, Verticillium dahliae, and Meloidogyne spp. There are plentiful options for ASD carbon sources using byproducts of Midwestern United States agriculture or cover crops, yet these carbon sources have not been evaluated for use in Midwestern settings. Low (10.1 Mg/ha) and high (20.2 Mg/ha) rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dry sweet whey were evaluated as ASD carbon sources in growth chamber and greenhouse bioassays. Cover crops including buckwheat, cowpea, crimson clover, mustard, oilseed radish, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, and winter rye were evaluated in similar bioassays with one amendment rate (20.2 Mg/ha). Reducing conditions developed in soils regardless of carbon source or rate. Use of high rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat bran led to the lowest levels of root rot severity compared to non-treated controls. The higher rate of any byproduct carbon source was always more effective than the lower rate in reducing root rot severity. Use of both rates of soybean meal or corn gluten meal and the high rate of distillers dried grains or dry sweet whey led to significant increases in dry root and shoot biomass compared to controls. For cover crops, ASD with crimson clover, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, or winter rye amendments reduced root rot severity relative to the aerobic control, but not relative to the anaerobic control. Use of cover crops did not significantly impact plant biomass. A subset of three ASD carbon sources [distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat middlings (midds), all 20.2 Mg/ha] were evaluated in five on-farm ASD trials in high tunnels. Soil temperatures were low during the application period, limiting treatment efficacy. Reducing conditions developed in all soils during ASD treatment, and a moderate but significant reduction in root rot severity was observed following ASD with the soybean meal or wheat midds compared to ASD with distillers dried grains. Tomato yield was not significantly affected by ASD treatment.

scholarly journals True and apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids of feed in Nile tilapia

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo Arruda Teixeira Lanna ◽  
Marcos Antonio Delmondes Bomfim ◽  
Juarez Lopes Donzele ◽  
Moisés Quadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
True Digestibility

It was determined in this work the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of protein and amino acids of five feeds (corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal) in Nile tilapia. It was used 252 reverted Thai strain Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in growth phase, with weight of 310 ± 9.68 g, distributed in experimental randomized blocks design, with five treatments, six replicates per treatment and seven fish per experimental unit. Each experimental diet contained a single source of protein, composed by the studied ingredients. An additional group of fish was fed protein-free diet for quantification of the endogenous fraction and determination of true digestibility coefficients. Digestibility was estimated by the indirect method by using chromium oxide at the concentration of 0.50% of the diet as a marker, performing fecal collection at every four hour interval by using decantation technique. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of the protein and amino acids are: corn, 83.57 and 82.45%; wheat bran 82.87 and 81.47%; soybean meal 91.12 and 89.41%; corn gluten meal 90.07 and 87.78%; fish meal 83.53 and 81.65% respectively. Coefficients of true digestibility of protein and the mean of the amino acids are: corn, 90.02 and 89.60%; wheat bran 89.62 and 89.14%; soybean meal 93.58 and 91.88%; corn gluten meal 92.50 and 90.34%; fish meal 86.01 and 84.27%, respectively.

RATE OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND NUTRIENT DIGESTION OF VARIOUS NITROGEN SOURCES IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF RUMEN CONTENTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. GARRETT ◽  
R. D. GOODRICH ◽  
M. D. STERN ◽  
J. C. MEISKE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid

A dual flow continuous culture fermentor system was used to estimate ruminal rate of protein degradation and influence of supplemental nitrogen (N) source on digestion of total dietary crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). Four experimental diets contained predominantly corn and were isocaloric (14.7 M J DE kg−1) and isonitrogenous (12% CP on a DM basis) with urea, soybean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) as sole supplemental N sources. Fermentor flow rates were adjusted daily to attain liquid and solid dilution rates of 10 and 5% h−1, respectively. Total dietary N digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) in fermentors receiving urea than in those receiving CGM, while fermentors receiving SBM or LSM were intermediate (72.9, 54.9, 64.0 and 63.2%, respectively). Bacterial CP flow was higher (P < 0.05) from fermentors receiving urea or SBM than from those receiving CGM, with fermentors receiving LSM intermediate (1.31, 1.29, 1.02 and 1.14 g d−1, respectively). True OM digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for diets supplemented with urea or LSM than for those supplemented with CGM (65.1, 60.4 and 51.2%, respectively). The rate of protein degradation was greater (P < 0.05) for LSM-CP than CGM-CP with SBM-CP intermediate (15.73, 6.88 and 10.13% h−1, respectively). Calculated bypass of potentially digestible protein for SBM-CP, LSM-CP and CGM-CP was 15.9, 10.9 and 29.1%, respectively. Total amino acid flow (g d−1) was higher (P < 0.05) for fermentors receiving SBM than for those receiving LSM. Total bacterial amino acid flow (g d−1) was higher (P < 0.05) for fermentors receiving SBM than for fermentors receiving CGM. Differences among diets for dietary amino acid flow (g d−1) were not significant. Key words: Ruminal protein degradation, soybean meal, linseed meal, corn gluten meal, continuous culture system

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