Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Small Ruminants Kept at Institutional Livestock Farms in Punjab, Pakistan

This study was conducted in four districts (Malakand, Swat, Bajaur and Shangla) of Northern Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors and phylogenetic analyses of Theileria and Anaplasma species in small ruminants. A total of 800 blood samples, 200 from each district, were collected from apparently healthy animals. PCR assays were performed using generic primers for Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. as well as species specific primers for A. ovis and T. ovis. Overall infection prevalence was 361/800 (45.1%). Theileria spp. infection prevalence (187/800, 23.3%) was higher than Anaplasma spp. (174/800, 21.7%). Amplified partial 18S rRNA genes were sequenced and enrolled animals were found to be infected by T. ovis (115/800, 14.3%), and at least two more Theileria species (72/800, 9%) were present (T. lestoquardi and T. annulata). All blood samples that were found to be positive for Anaplasma spp. were also positive for A. ovis. Infection prevalence was higher in sheep (227/361, 28.3%) compared to goats (134/361, 16.6%) (p < 0.005). Univariable analysis of risk factors showed that host, age, grazing system and acaricide treatment were significant determinants (p < 0.05) for both Theileria and Anaplasma infections. Multivariable analysis revealed that host, sex, age, tick infestation and grazing system were significant risk factors (p < 0.005) for both pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variants among the A. ovis and T. annulata samples analysed, indicating that different genotypes are circulating in the field while T. ovis presented the same genotype for the samples analysed.

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Abortion and various associated risk factors in small ruminants in Algeria

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 123 ◽

pp. 97-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Moustafa Kardjadj ◽

Brahim Kouidri ◽

Djamil Metref ◽

Pam Dachung Luka ◽

Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the south western Nepal: a comparative study

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02835-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽

Rubina Shah ◽

Ishwari Tiwari ◽

Yam Bahadur Gurung

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Program ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Goat Population ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, has impacted farmers’ livelihood and the food safety of consumers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rupandehi district of Nepal during January to March 2020 to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in the sheep and goat population. Altogether, 19 sheep and 60 goat farms in the district were visited. Owners were interviewed to get information on animals, including their management and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven samples (80 sheep and 277 goat samples) were collected proportionately based on farm sizes. Each serum sample was tested with Rose Bengal Test and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity of brucellosis. Logistic regression was carried out to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with detection of brucellosis. Results At the farm level, 31.6% (6/19; 95% CI: 12, 54%) of sheep farms and 3.3% (2/60, 95% CI: 0.9, 11.4%) of goat farms were seropositive to brucellosis. Out of 80 sheep serum samples, 12 (15%; 95% CI: 8.79–24.41%) and out of 277 goat serum samples, three (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.37–3.14%) were seropositive to brucellosis. Age greater than 1.5 years (OR = 5.56, 95% CI: 1.39, 29.38; p = 0.02) and herd size of greater than 100 (OR = 4.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 20.32, p = 0.03) were identified as significant risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis in the sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables was identified as a significant risk factor. Conclusion The study provides evidence that the older sheep and the sheep from the large herds were at higher risk of brucellosis. A control program should be put in place immediately in the sheep population because they may transmit infections to other livestock as they were regularly moved for grazing and selling purposes. Also, strict biosecurity measures should be implemented among pastoralists to prevent brucellosis transmission in them. We suggest further one health-based study to reveal the transmission dynamics of brucellosis between animals and humans.

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Prevalence of Heamonchosis in Small Ruminants and Its Associated Risk Factors in and Around Ejere Town, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia

American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research ◽

10.34297/ajbsr.2019.03.000704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 409-414

Author(s):

Feyisa Bekuma

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the mid southern Nepal: A comparative study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39025/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽

Rubina Shah ◽

Ishwari Tiwari ◽

Yam Bahadur Gurung

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Goat Population ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by the Brucella spps. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, e.g., sheep and goats, has impacted the farmers' livelihood and people's food safety. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rupandehi districts of Nepal to the discover the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in sheep and goat population. Altogether, 19 sheep and 60 goat farms located in the districts' local units were visited, and the owners were interviewed to get the information on animal characteristics, management, and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven serum samples (80 sheep and 277 goat’s samples) were collected from selected herd based on the probability proportional to their sizes. Each serum sample was tested for Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity. Bivariate analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression was applied to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with the brucellosis. Results Out of 80 sheep samples, 12 (15%; 95%CI: 8.79%-24.41%, P<0.001) and out of 277 goat samples 3 (1.1%; 0.37%-3.14%, P<0.001) were tested positive to brucellosis. Age of greater than 1.5 years (OR= 6.39, 95%CI: 1.23, 54.67, p= 0.04) was identified as the significant risk factor for brucellosis in sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables were identified as the significant risk factors in multivariable regression analysis. However, the goat from the frequent grazing herds had borderline significance (OR = 8.81, 95%CI: 0.44, 174.56, p<0.15). It might be because of the regular movement of sheep herds that get mixed up with the goat populations. Conclusion The study provides evidence that the burden of brucellosis in sheep is significantly higher than goats. The brucellosis control program in sheep should be applied immediately, as the contiguous herds of sheep and goats keep mixing while grazing and selling. Also, the strict biosecurity and biosafety measures should be implemented among the sheepherders to prevent infection of Brucella in them. We suggest further study on both small ruminants and the sheep owners to reveal the transmission dynamics through one health approach.

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Serological investigation of brucellosis and its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiop

Ethiopian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/evj.v24i1.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dereje Tulu ◽

Abiy Gojam ◽

Benti Deresa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Health Impact ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Jimma Zone ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The occurrence of brucellosis in different species of livestock has been reported from different parts of Ethiopia, however, the serostatus and risk factors of this disease in small ruminants is not well documented in southwestern parts of the country. This study was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017 to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone. A total of 804 small ruminants (402 sheep and 402 goats) were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serological tests. The presence of antibody to Brucella was screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test and confirmed using the complement fixation test. Seroprevalence of 4.2% in sheep and 5.2% in goats was recorded in this study. An overall seroprevalence of 4.7% was recorded in small ruminants in the study areas. Brucella seropositivity was observed more frequently among sheep and goats with a history of abortion (6.7%) than animals that have no history of abortion (3.7%), however, the difference noted was not statistically significant. Older age (OR 3.9, CI = 1.43-9.94), pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI = 1.19-5.72), late term gestation (OR 2.4, CI = 1.54-3.78), mixed flock (OR 2.8, CI = 1.33-5.89) and larger flock size (OR 2.7, CI = 1.08-6.95) were noted to have more number of reactors. Hence, it is important to consider brucellosis as one of the diseases that needs attention and further study should be conducted to identify the circulating Brucella species and other causes of abortion in sheep and goats. Besides, this finding warrants the need for further investigation on its public health impact in the region. Keywords: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Sheep; Goat; Jimma Zone

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Regional epidemiology and associated risk factors of PPR in Asia-A Review

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research ◽

10.17352/ijvsr.000098 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 178-190

Author(s):

Munibullah Munibullah ◽

Li Yanmin ◽

Munib Kainat ◽

Zhang Zhidong

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Animal Health ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

South Central ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Ppr Virus ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

World Organization

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (OIE) notiﬁable and economically important transboundary, highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR Virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to a huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional roadmaps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and overall regional associated risk factors including animal factors (age, species, sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South, Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Small Ruminants in North East Ethiopia

Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.5958/2277-940x.2015.00188.6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 345 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andualem Yimer ◽

Dessalegn Sissay ◽

Shahid Nazir

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

North East ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the south western Nepal: A comparative study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39025/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽

Rubina Shah ◽

Ishwari Tiwari ◽

Yam Bahadur Gurung

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Program ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Goat Population ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by the Brucella spp. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, has impacted farmers' livelihood and the food safety of the consumer. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rupandehi district of Nepal to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in the sheep and goat population. Altogether, nineteen sheep and sixty goat farms located in the district were visited. The owners were interviewed to get information on animals, including their management and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven samples (80 sheep and 277 goat samples) were collected proportionately based on the farm sizes. Each serum sample was tested with Rose Bengal Test and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity of brucellosis. Logistic regression was applied to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with detection brucellosis. Results At the farm level, 31.6% (6/19; 95% CI: 12%, 54%) of sheep farms and 3.3% (2/60, 95% CI: 0.9%, 11.4 %) of the goat farms were seropositive to brucellosis. Out of 80 sheep serum samples, 12 (15%; 95% CI: 8.79%-24.41%) and out of 277 goat serum samples 3 (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.37%-3.14%) were seropositive to brucellosis. Age greater than 1.5 years (OR= 5.56, 95% CI: 1.39, 29.38, p = 0.02) and herd size of greater than a hundred (OR= 4.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 20.32, p = 0.03) were identified as significant risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis in the sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables was identified as a significant risk factor. ConclusionThe study provides evidence that the older sheep and the sheep from the large herd sizes were at higher risk of detecting brucellosis. A control program should be applied immediately in the sheep population because they may transmit infections to other livestock as they were regularly moved for grazing and selling purposes. Also, strict biosecurity measures should be implemented among pastoralists to prevent brucellosis transmission in them. We suggest further one health-based study to reveal the transmission dynamics of brucellosis between animals and humans.

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