scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the mid southern Nepal: A comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽  
Rubina Shah ◽  
Ishwari Tiwari ◽  
Yam Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by the Brucella spps. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, e.g., sheep and goats, has impacted the farmers' livelihood and people's food safety. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rupandehi districts of Nepal to the discover the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in sheep and goat population. Altogether, 19 sheep and 60 goat farms located in the districts' local units were visited, and the owners were interviewed to get the information on animal characteristics, management, and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven serum samples (80 sheep and 277 goat’s samples) were collected from selected herd based on the probability proportional to their sizes. Each serum sample was tested for Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity. Bivariate analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression was applied to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with the brucellosis. Results Out of 80 sheep samples, 12 (15%; 95%CI: 8.79%-24.41%, P<0.001) and out of 277 goat samples 3 (1.1%; 0.37%-3.14%, P<0.001) were tested positive to brucellosis. Age of greater than 1.5 years (OR= 6.39, 95%CI: 1.23, 54.67, p= 0.04) was identified as the significant risk factor for brucellosis in sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables were identified as the significant risk factors in multivariable regression analysis. However, the goat from the frequent grazing herds had borderline significance (OR = 8.81, 95%CI: 0.44, 174.56, p<0.15). It might be because of the regular movement of sheep herds that get mixed up with the goat populations. Conclusion The study provides evidence that the burden of brucellosis in sheep is significantly higher than goats. The brucellosis control program in sheep should be applied immediately, as the contiguous herds of sheep and goats keep mixing while grazing and selling. Also, the strict biosecurity and biosafety measures should be implemented among the sheepherders to prevent infection of Brucella in them. We suggest further study on both small ruminants and the sheep owners to reveal the transmission dynamics through one health approach.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the south western Nepal: a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽  
Rubina Shah ◽  
Ishwari Tiwari ◽  
Yam Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, has impacted farmers’ livelihood and the food safety of consumers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rupandehi district of Nepal during January to March 2020 to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in the sheep and goat population. Altogether, 19 sheep and 60 goat farms in the district were visited. Owners were interviewed to get information on animals, including their management and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven samples (80 sheep and 277 goat samples) were collected proportionately based on farm sizes. Each serum sample was tested with Rose Bengal Test and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity of brucellosis. Logistic regression was carried out to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with detection of brucellosis. Results At the farm level, 31.6% (6/19; 95% CI: 12, 54%) of sheep farms and 3.3% (2/60, 95% CI: 0.9, 11.4%) of goat farms were seropositive to brucellosis. Out of 80 sheep serum samples, 12 (15%; 95% CI: 8.79–24.41%) and out of 277 goat serum samples, three (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.37–3.14%) were seropositive to brucellosis. Age greater than 1.5 years (OR = 5.56, 95% CI: 1.39, 29.38; p = 0.02) and herd size of greater than 100 (OR = 4.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 20.32, p = 0.03) were identified as significant risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis in the sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables was identified as a significant risk factor. Conclusion The study provides evidence that the older sheep and the sheep from the large herds were at higher risk of brucellosis. A control program should be put in place immediately in the sheep population because they may transmit infections to other livestock as they were regularly moved for grazing and selling purposes. Also, strict biosecurity measures should be implemented among pastoralists to prevent brucellosis transmission in them. We suggest further one health-based study to reveal the transmission dynamics of brucellosis between animals and humans.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the south western Nepal: A comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽  
Rubina Shah ◽  
Ishwari Tiwari ◽  
Yam Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by the Brucella spp. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, has impacted farmers' livelihood and the food safety of the consumer. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rupandehi district of Nepal to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in the sheep and goat population. Altogether, nineteen sheep and sixty goat farms located in the district were visited. The owners were interviewed to get information on animals, including their management and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven samples (80 sheep and 277 goat samples) were collected proportionately based on the farm sizes. Each serum sample was tested with Rose Bengal Test and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity of brucellosis. Logistic regression was applied to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with detection brucellosis. Results At the farm level, 31.6% (6/19; 95% CI: 12%, 54%) of sheep farms and 3.3% (2/60, 95% CI: 0.9%, 11.4 %) of the goat farms were seropositive to brucellosis. Out of 80 sheep serum samples, 12 (15%; 95% CI: 8.79%-24.41%) and out of 277 goat serum samples 3 (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.37%-3.14%) were seropositive to brucellosis. Age greater than 1.5 years (OR= 5.56, 95% CI: 1.39, 29.38, p = 0.02) and herd size of greater than a hundred (OR= 4.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 20.32, p = 0.03) were identified as significant risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis in the sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables was identified as a significant risk factor. ConclusionThe study provides evidence that the older sheep and the sheep from the large herd sizes were at higher risk of detecting brucellosis. A control program should be applied immediately in the sheep population because they may transmit infections to other livestock as they were regularly moved for grazing and selling purposes. Also, strict biosecurity measures should be implemented among pastoralists to prevent brucellosis transmission in them. We suggest further one health-based study to reveal the transmission dynamics of brucellosis between animals and humans.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis among sheep and goat population in the south western Nepal: A comparative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽  
Rubina Shah ◽  
Ishwari Tiwari ◽  
Yam Bahadur Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. In Nepal, the presence of brucellosis in small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, has impacted farmers' livelihood and the food safety of consumers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rupandehi district of Nepal during January to March 2020 to investigate the seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in the sheep and goat population. Altogether, 19 sheep and 60 goat farms in the district were visited. Owners were interviewed to get information on animals, including their management and movement patterns. Three hundred fifty-seven samples (80 sheep and 277 goat samples) were collected proportionately based on farm sizes. Each serum sample was tested with Rose Bengal Test and ELISA to estimate the seropositivity of brucellosis. Logistic regression was carried out to calculate corresponding odds ratios of each variable associated with detection of brucellosis.Results At the farm level, 31.6% (6/19; 95% CI: 12%, 54%) of sheep farms and 3.3% (2/60, 95% CI: 0.9%, 11.4 %) of goat farms were seropositive to brucellosis. Out of 80 sheep serum samples, 12 (15%; 95% CI: 8.79%-24.41%) and out of 277 goat serum samples, three (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.37%-3.14%) were seropositive to brucellosis. Age greater than 1.5 years (OR= 5.56, 95% CI: 1.39, 29.38; p = 0.02) and herd size of greater than 100 (OR= 4.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 20.32, p = 0.03) were identified as significant risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis in the sheep population. While in the goat population, none of the variables was identified as a significant risk factor.ConclusionThe study provides evidence that the older sheep and the sheep from the large herds were at higher risk of brucellosis. A control program should be put in place immediately in the sheep population because they may transmit infections to other livestock as they were regularly moved for grazing and selling purposes. Also, strict biosecurity measures should be implemented among pastoralists to prevent brucellosis transmission in them. We suggest further one health-based study to reveal the transmission dynamics of brucellosis between animals and humans.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors for brucellosis in small ruminant flocks in Karnataka in the Southern Province of India

2021 ◽  
pp. 2855-2862
Author(s):  
Krithiga Natesan ◽  
Triveni Kalleshamurthy ◽  
Mangadevi Nookala ◽  
Chaitra Yadav ◽  
Nagalingam Mohandoss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
History Of

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of high economic and public health importance in large and small ruminant populations worldwide. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in small ruminants in organized farms in the southern region of India. Materials and Methods: Farms exclusively rearing sheep and goats were selected based on the number of animals (small, medium, or large) and the location of the farm (urban, periurban, or rural). A total of 1499 serum samples; 1001 from sheeps and 498 from goats were sourced from six sheep and four goat farms and tested using Rose Bengal Plate and indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay tests. Results: The apparent prevalence of brucellosis was higher in sheep (8.29%, 95% CI 6.7-10.1) than goats (5.82%, 95% CI 4.0-8.2). The true adjusted population level seroprevalence was also higher in sheep, at 7.7% (95% CI 6.0-9.6) than in goats, at 5.1% (95% CI 3.2-7.6). According to bivariate categorical analysis, six highly significant (p<0.001) animal- and farm-level risk factors for sheep were age, breed, number of lambings, history of abortion, rural farms, and presence of dogs on the farm. In goats, five significant risk factors were found: History of abortion, separate sheds, dogs on the farm, weekly veterinary consultation, and lack of brucellosis awareness. In a logistic regression model, abortion (OR adjusted 10.8, 95% CI 1.2-96.12), rural farms (OR adjusted 8.5, 95% CI 3.6-20.0), and absence of separate sheds on the farms (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1- 3.5) were found to be significant risk factors for ovine brucellosis. Conclusion: The use of complementary measures to tackle the multiple animal- and farm-level risk factors may help to reduce the disease burden in the absence of a vaccination policy for small ruminants in India.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio César Castillo-Cuenca ◽  
Álvaro Martínez-Moreno ◽  
José Manuel Diaz-Cao ◽  
Angel Entrena-García ◽  
Jorge Fraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

AbstractA cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in pigs in the largest pork-producing region in Cuba. Serum samples from 420 pigs, including 210 sows and 210 post-weaning pigs, were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 56 animals (13.3%, 95% CI: 10.1–16.6). A generalized estimating equations model revealed that the risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were altitude (higher in farm’s location < 250 m above sea level (masl) versus ≥ 250 masl) and age (higher in sows compared to post-weaning pigs). The results indicated that this protozoan parasite is widely distributed on pig farms in the study area, which is a public health concern since the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat products containing tissue cysts is considered one of the main routes of T. gondii transmission worldwide. Control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to T. gondii in pigs in Cuba.

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Anjum ◽  
Asim Aslam ◽  
Raheela Akhtar ◽  
Tahir Yaqub ◽  
Junaid Naseer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an important infectious disease of respiratory system of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. A cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang districts of Punjab to determine the prevalence of CBPP. A total of 560 serum samples were examined for the specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associated risk factors that were evaluated include age, gender and breed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence was 8.75%. The seroprevalence of CBPP in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang were 8.26, 8.20 and 10.06%, respectively, but no significance difference (P less than 0.05) was observed. Among the assessed potential predisposing factors, gender and breed were not significantly associated with the serological status of the animal (P greater than 0.05), in which the age affected significantly the positivity to CBPP (P less than 0.05). The highest seropositivity was observed in animals of more than 7 years of age (32.08%) followed by in 4-7 years of age (8.16%) and lowest in animals of less than 4 years old (0.79%). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in the state which could be a threat to livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease. 

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Associations of Peripheral Retinopathy: Baseline Study of Guangzhou Office Computer Workers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Yajing Zuo ◽  
Yantao Wei ◽  
Wenbin Huang ◽  
Xuezhi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computer Workers ◽  
Lattice Degeneration ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Retinal Hole ◽  
Slit Lamp Microscopy ◽  
Chorioretinal Degeneration

Purpose. To determine the prevalence of peripheral retinopathy and its associated risk factors among a sample of Guangzhou office computer workers. Methods. A cross-sectional study of Guangzhou Chinese computer workstations and operators in different departments and units of the Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, China, in 2016. Peripheral retinopathy was recorded and analyzed using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO; Optos, Daytona, United Kingdom) and slit-lamp microscopy combined with a three-mirror contact lens. Results. The 1934 eyes of 967 subjects (513 females and 454 males) were included in this study. In total, 79.1% of the eyes were myopic in workers aged 20–29 years, 72.9% in workers aged 30–39 years, 62.2% in workers aged 40–49 years, and 43.4% in workers aged 50–59 years (p<0.001). Most eyes had optic nerve crescents (81.3%). Various peripheral degenerations were found: 7 eyes (0.4%) had microcystoid degeneration, 40 (2.1%) had peripheral pigmentary degeneration, 87 (4.5%) had lattice degeneration, and 4 (0.2%) had snail-track degeneration. Nineteen (1.0%) eyes had paving-stone degeneration, 11 (0.6%) eyes had a retinal hole or tear, and 16 (0.8%) eyes had chorioretinal degeneration. Multivariate regression confirmed that greater axial length (OR: 1.18 (1.03, 1.35), p=0.012) and more serious spherical equivalent (OR: 0.82 (0.77, 0.88), p<0.001) were significant risk factors for peripheral retinal changes. Conclusion. Peripheral retinal degenerative changes were found in a larger proportion of younger computer workers than older ones. Myopia is occurring in younger and younger people, accompanied by peripheral retinal degeneration.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentiviral infection of small ruminants at animal fairs in the semiarid Sertão region of Pernambuco, Brazilian semiarid

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Clécio Henrique Limeira ◽  
Geilson Manoel de Souza Lima ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Factors Associated

Animal agglomerations at commercial events such as trade fairs represent an important facilitator in infectious disease transmission. Thus, it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of infectious diseases in small ruminants. The objective of this study was to examine lentiviral presence in goats and sheep traded at the animal fair of Tabira city (Sertão region of Pernambuco) and identify possible risk factors associated with infection. We collected serum samples from 233 crossbred goats and 119 crossbred sheep, belonging to 12 breeders, at the Tabira livestock fair from November 2014 to June 2015. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to analyze the risk factors. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and western blotting (WB) were performed to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection. In the AGID test, we used maedi-visna virus (MVV) antigens for sheep and caprine arthritis/encephalitis virus (strain Cork) (CAEV-Co) antigen for goats. The WB analysis used CAEV-Co antigen for both species. Variables from the questionnaire were analyzed with univariate and multivariate statistics. One seropositive goat but no sheep was identified via AGID. According to the WB results, 15/233 goats (6.44%; CI95% = 3.94 - 10.35%) and 8/119 sheep (6.72%; CI95% = 3.45 - 12.71%) were seropositive, totaling 23/352 reactive animals (6.53%; CI95% = 4.39 - 9.61%) from 12 herds. Annual vermifugation of the animals was a significant risk factor (odds ratio = 5.9; CI95% = 1.7-19.8; p = 0.04) for disease in goats, but no variables associated with infection risks were identified in sheep. We concluded that SRLV was present in goats and sheep at the animal fair. Western blots were more sensitive than AGID for SRLV diagnosis. Practices aiming to improve sanitary management may reduce the risk of infection in goats. All studied herds included animals identified as seropositive for SRLV. Therefore, we recommend adopting measures that increase disease diagnosis while intensifying traffic control and surveillance of animal agglomerations.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in the Korean, Manchu, Mongol and Han ethnic groups in eastern and northeastern China

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (9) ◽  
pp. 2018-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-X. ZHANG ◽  
Q. ZHAO ◽  
C.-W. SHI ◽  
W.-T. YANG ◽  
Y.-L. JIANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Han Ethnicity ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Undercooked Meat

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to August 2015 to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for humanToxoplasma gondiiinfection in Korean, Manchu, Mongol and Han ethnic groups in eastern and northeastern China. A total of 1842 serum samples, including Han (n= 802), Korean (n= 520), Manchu (n= 303) and Mongol (n= 217) groups, were analysed using enzyme-linked immunoassays to detect IgG and IgMT. gondiiantibodies. The overallT. gondiiIgG and IgM seroprevalences were 13·79% and 1·25%, respectively. Of these groups, Mongol ethnicity had the highestT. gondiiseroprevalence (20·74%, 45/217), followed by Korean ethnicity (16·54%, 86/520), Manchu ethnicity (13·86%, 42/303) and Han ethnicity (11·35%, 98/802). Multiple analysis showed that the consumption of raw vegetables and fruits, the consumption of raw/undercooked meat and the source of drinking water were significantly associated withT. gondiiinfection in the Han group. Likewise, having a cat at home was identified as being associated withT. gondiiinfection in the Korean, Manchu and Mongol groups. Moreover, the consumption of raw/undercooked meat was identified as another predictor ofT. gondiiseropositivity in the Mongol group. The results of this survey indicate thatT. gondiiinfection is prevalent in Korean, Manchu, Mongol and Han ethnic groups in the study region. Therefore, it is essential to implement integrated strategies with efficient management measures to prevent and controlT. gondiiinfection in this region of China. Moreover, this is the first report ofT. gondiiinfection in Korean, Manchu, and Mongol ethnic groups in eastern and northeastern China.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice C. Chepkwony ◽  
George C. Gitao ◽  
Gerald M. Muchemi ◽  
Abraham K. Sangula ◽  
Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of Non-Structural-Proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Studies Version 20. To identify the risk factors, chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 23.3% (95% CI: 22.3-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9-80.9%). Sero-positivity was significantly higher in the pastoral zone (31.5%) than in the sedentary zone at 14.5% (χ2 =303.2, p<0.05). In the most parsimonious backward fitting logistic multivariable regression, the only risk factors that were significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR were multipurpose (OR=1.150; p=0.034) and dairy production types (OR=2.029; p=0.003). Those that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR=0.856; p=0.026), young age (OR=0.601; p=0.037), sedentary production zone (OR=0.471; p<0.001), bringing in of SR (OR=0.838; p=0.004), purchase of SR from market/middlemen (OR=0.877; p=0.049), no interaction with wildlife (OR=0.657; p<0.001), mixed production type (OR=0.701; p=0.016), enclosure of SR day and night (OR=0.515; p=0.001), migratory grazing system (OR=0.807; p=0.047), on-farm watering system (OR=0.724; p=0.002), male-from-another-farm (OR=0.723; p=0.030) and artificial insemination (OR=0.357; p=0.008) breeding methods.This study showed that there is widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. The risk factors were mainly husbandry related. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in carrier SR which pose potential risk of virus transmission to other susceptible species is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission and more risk factors need to be researched.

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