scholarly journals Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance de Meeûs d'Argenteuil ◽  
Berit Boshuizen ◽  
Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega ◽  
Luc Leybaert ◽  
Lorie de Maré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mitochondrial Density ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Capillary Supply ◽  
Significant Difference

Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut–muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.

In vitro human masseter muscle hypersensitivity: a possible explanation for increase in masseter tone

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1547-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Adnet ◽  
H. Reyford ◽  
B. M. Tavernier ◽  
T. Etchrivi ◽  
I. Krivosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximal Tension

To determine whether a difference in fiber-type caffeine and Ca2+ sensitivities exists between human masseter and vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, we compared the fiber-type caffeine sensitivities in chemically skinned muscle fibers from 13 masseter and 18 vastus lateralis muscles. Caffeine sensitivity was defined as the threshold concentration inducing > 10% of the maximal tension obtained after the fiber was loaded with a 1.6 x 10(-2) mM Ca2+ solution for 30 s. Significant difference in the mean caffeine sensitivity was found between type I masseter fibers [2.57 +/- 1.32 (SD) mM] vs. type I (6.02 +/- 1.74 mM) and type II vastus lateralis fibers (11.25 +/- 3.13 mM). Maximal Ca(2+)-activated force per cross-sectional area was significantly different between masseter and vastus lateralis fibers. However, the Ca2+ concentration corresponding to half-maximal tension (pCa50) was not significantly different between type I masseter (pCa50 5.9 +/- 0.02) and type I vastus lateralis muscle (pCa50 6.01 +/- 0.08). These results suggest that the increase in caffeine sensitivity of masseter muscle reflects the presence of a low reactivity threshold of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Human and Rat Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Spinal Cord Injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Gregory ◽  
Krista Vandenborne ◽  
Michael J. Castro ◽  
G. Alton Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Cord Injury

Results of studies of rodent skeletal muscle plasticity are often extrapolated to humans. However, responses to "disuse" may be species specific, in part because of different inherent properties of anatomically similar muscles. Thus, this study quantified human and rat m. vastus lateralis (VL) fiber adaptations to 11 weeks of spinal cord injury (SCI). The m. VL was taken from 8 young (54 d) male Charles River rats after T-9 laminectomy (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 4). In addition, the m. VL was biopsied in 7 able-bodied and in 7 SCI humans (31.3 ± 4.7 years, mean ± SE). Samples were sectioned and fibers were analyzed for type (I, IIa, IIb/x), cross-sectional area (CSA), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), α-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (qATPase) activities. Rat fibers had 1.5- to 2-fold greater SDH and GPDH activities while their fibers were 60% the size of those in humans. The most striking differences, however, were the absence of slow fibers in the rat and its four-fold greater proportion of IIb/x fibers (80% vs. 16% of the CSA) compared to humans. SCI decreased SDH activity more in rats whereas atrophy and IIa to IIb/x fiber shift occurred to a greater extent in humans. It is suggested that the rat is a reasonable model for studying the predominant response to SCI, atrophy. However, its high proportion of IIb/x fibers limits evaluation of the mechanical consequences of shifting to "faster" contractile machinery after SCI. Key words: enzyme, fiber type, disuse, biopsy

scholarly journals Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249922
Author(s):  
Constance de Meeûs d’Argenteuil ◽  
Berit Boshuizen ◽  
Maarten Oosterlinck ◽  
Don van de Winkel ◽  
Ward De Spiegelaere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Type I Fibers

Equine bioenergetics have predominantly been studied focusing on glycogen and fatty acids. Combining omics with conventional techniques allows for an integrative approach to broadly explore and identify important biomolecules. Friesian horses were aquatrained (n = 5) or dry treadmill trained (n = 7) (8 weeks) and monitored for: evolution of muscle diameter in response to aquatraining and dry treadmill training, fiber type composition and fiber cross-sectional area of the M. pectoralis, M. vastus lateralis and M. semitendinosus and untargeted metabolomics of the M. pectoralis and M. vastus lateralis in response to dry treadmill training. Aquatraining was superior to dry treadmill training to increase muscle diameter in the hindquarters, with maximum effect after 4 weeks. After dry treadmill training, the M. pectoralis showed increased muscle diameter, more type I fibers, decreased fiber mean cross sectional area, and an upregulated oxidative metabolic profile: increased β-oxidation (key metabolites: decreased long chain fatty acids and increased long chain acylcarnitines), TCA activity (intermediates including succinyl-carnitine and 2-methylcitrate), amino acid metabolism (glutamine, aromatic amino acids, serine, urea cycle metabolites such as proline, arginine and ornithine) and xenobiotic metabolism (especially p-cresol glucuronide). The M. vastus lateralis expanded its fast twitch profile, with decreased muscle diameter, type I fibers and an upregulation of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity, and increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acid metabolism (cis-urocanate, carnosine, homocarnosine, tyrosine, tryptophan, p-cresol-glucuronide, serine, methionine, cysteine, proline and ornithine). Trained Friesians showed increased collagen and elastin turn-over. Results show that branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and microbiome-derived xenobiotics need further study in horses. They feed the TCA cycle at steps further downstream from acetyl CoA and most likely, they are oxidized in type IIA fibers, the predominant fiber type of the horse. These study results underline the importance of reviewing existing paradigms on equine bioenergetics.

Carnitine metabolism in human muscle fiber types during submaximal dynamic exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Constantin-Teodosiu ◽  
S. Howell ◽  
P. L. Greenhaff
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Free Carnitine ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Carnitine Metabolism ◽  
Type I Fibers

The effect of prolonged exhaustive exercise on free carnitine and acetylcarnitine concentrations in mixed-fiber skeletal muscle and in type I and II muscle fibers was investigated in humans. Needle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis of six subjects immediately after exhaustive one-legged cycling at approximately 75% of maximal O2 uptake from both the exercised and nonexercised (control) legs. In the resting (control) leg, there was no difference in the free carnitine concentration between type I and II fibers (20.36 +/- 1.25 and 20.51 +/- 1.16 mmol/kg dry muscle, respectively) despite the greater potential for fat oxidation in type I fibers. However, the acetylcarnitine concentration was slightly greater in type I fibers (P < 0.01). During exercise, acetylcarnitine accumulation occurred in both muscle fiber types, but accumulation was greatest in type I fibers (P < 0.005). Correspondingly, the concentration of free carnitine was significantly lower in type I fibers at the end of exercise (P < 0.001). The sum of free carnitine and acetylcarnitine concentrations in type I and II fibers at rest was similar and was unchanged by exercise. In conclusion, the findings of the present study support the suggestion that carnitine buffers excess acetyl group formation during exercise and that this occurs in both type I and II fibers. However, the greater accumulation of acetylcarnitine in type I fibers during prolonged exercise probably reflects the greater mitochondrial content of this fiber type.

The Effect of ACL Reconstruction on Involved and Contralateral Limb Vastus Lateralis Morphology and Histology: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Leszczynski ◽  
Christopher Kuenze ◽  
Brett Brazier ◽  
Joseph Visker ◽  
David P. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Myosin Isoforms ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractQuadriceps muscle weakness is a commonly reported issue post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), with minimal information related to skeletal muscle morphology following surgery. The purpose is to examine the morphological and functional differences in the vastus lateralis muscle from patient's ACLR and contralateral leg. Three physically active ACLR participants were recruited and secured to a dynamometer to perform maximal voluntary isometric knee extension contractions (MVIC) of the ACLR and contralateral limb. Muscle biopsies of the ACLR and contralateral vastus lateralis were performed, then sectioned, and stained for myosin isoforms to determine fiber type. Confocal images were acquired, and ImageJ software was used to determine the fiber type and cross-sectional area (CSA). There was a significant reduction in CSA of the type IIa and type IIx muscle fiber cells between healthy (IIa: 7,718 ± 1,295 µm2; IIx; 5,800 ± 601 µm2) and ACLR legs (IIa: 4,139 ± 709 µm2; IIx: 3,708 ± 618 µm2) (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in knee extension MVIC torque between legs (healthy limb: 2.42 ± 0.52 Nm/kg; ACLR limb: 2.05 ± 0.24 Nm/kg, p = 0.11). The reduction in the cross-sectional area of the ACLR type II fibers could impair function and increase secondary injury risk.

Capillarity and fiber types in the cremaster muscle of rat and hamster

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. H368-H374 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Sarelius ◽  
L. C. Maxwell ◽  
S. D. Gray ◽  
B. R. Duling
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Cremaster Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

We determined muscle fiber type and capillarity in cremaster muscle samples from rats and hamsters of different ages. Histochemical estimation of oxidative capacity was made from the activity of either nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) or succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), and fibers were termed fast or slow from myofibrillar ATPase activity. Fibers were classified as type I (low ATPase, high NADH-TR/SDH), type IIa (high ATPase, high SDH/NADH-TR), type IIb (high ATPase, low SDH/NADH-TR), or type IIc (no acid reversal of ATPase, high NADH-TR). Type IIb fibers accounted for 60-80% of the muscle area in both species at all ages. The principal change with maturation was muscle fiber hypertrophy. Mean cross-sectional fiber area increased from 488 +/- 70 (SE) and 453 +/- 19 micron2 in young hamsters and rats, respectively, to 1,255 +/- 99 and 1,540 +/- 101 micron2 in adults. Capillary density (no. of capillaries/mm2 tissue) paralleled fiber hypertrophy; it decreased significantly with maturation from 684 +/- 60 (SE) to 228 +/- 26/mm2 in hamsters and from 341 +/- 15 to 213 +/- 15/mm2 in rats. In vitro estimates of capillary density are compared with previously obtained in vivo data (31), and sources of error are identified. We conclude that reported differences in microvascular function in the cremaster muscle in vivo during maturation or between species cannot be ascribed to changes in muscle composition.

Operation Everest II: adaptations in human skeletal muscle

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2454-2461 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Green ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
A. Cymerman ◽  
P. M. Young ◽  
C. S. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distribution Type

Adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to progressive hypobaria were investigated in eight male subjects [maximal O2 uptake = 51.2 +/- 3.0 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1] over 40 days of progressive decompression to the stimulated altitude of the summit of Mt. Everest. Samples of the vastus lateralis muscle extracted before decompression (SL-1), at 380 and 282 Torr, and on return to sea level (SL-2) indicated that maximal activities of enzymes representative of the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, glucose phosphorylation, and high-energy phosphate transfer were unchanged (P greater than 0.05) at 380 and 282 Torr over initial SL-1 values. After exposure to 282 Torr, however, representing an additional period of approximately 7 days, reductions (P less than 0.05) were noted in succinic dehydrogenase (21%), citrate synthetase (37%), and hexokinase (53%) between SL-2 and 380 Torr. No changes were found in the other enzymes. Capillarization as measured by the number of capillaries per cross-sectional area (CC/FA) was increased (P less than 0.05) in both type I (0.94 +/- 0.8 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.05) and type II (0.84 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.08) fibers between SL-1 and SL-2. This increase was mediated by a reduction in fiber area. No changes were found in fiber-type distribution (type I vs. type II). These findings do not support the hypothesis, at least in humans, that, at the level of the muscle cell, extreme hypobaric hypoxia elicits adaptations directed toward maximizing oxidative function.

scholarly journals Reference values for vastus lateralis fiber size and type in healthy subjects over 40 years old: a systematic review and metaanalysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fares Gouzi ◽  
Jonathan Maury ◽  
Nicolas Molinari ◽  
Pascal Pomiès ◽  
Jacques Mercier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Type I ◽  
And Gender

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a major systemic impairment in chronic diseases. Yet its determinants have been hard to identify because a clear research definition has not been agreed upon. The reduction in muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) is a widely acknowledged marker of muscle atrophy, but no reference values for the muscle fiber CSA at the age of the onset of chronic disease have ever been published. Thus, we aimed to systematically review the studies providing data on fiber CSA and fiber type proportion in the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps of healthy subjects (age >40 yr) and then to pool and analyze the data from the selected studies to determine reference values for fiber CSA. We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and identified 19 studies, including 423 subjects that matched the inclusion criteria. On the basis of fiber type and gender, the mean fiber CSA and the lower limits of normal (LLNs) were (%type I*60) + 1,743 μm2 and (%type I*60) − 718 μm2, respectively, for men; and (%type I*70) + 139 μm2 and (%type I*70) − 1,485 μm2, respectively, for women. There was no significant heterogeneity among subgroups of fiber type and gender. The pooled type I fiber proportion was 50.3% (LLN = 32.9%). In multivariate analysis, fiber CSA was significantly correlated with V̇o2 peak ( r = 190.92; P = 0.03), and type I fiber proportion was correlated with age ( r = −0.024; P = 0.005), body mass index ( r = 0.096; P = 0.005), and V̇o2 peak ( r = −0.053; P = 0.005). Our metaanalysis of a homogeneous set of studies is the first to provide valuable LLNs for fiber CSA according to fiber type and gender. This analysis will be improved by prospective assessment in well-characterized healthy subjects.

Skeletal muscle characteristics in sedentary black and Caucasian males

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1758-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Ama ◽  
J. A. Simoneau ◽  
M. R. Boulay ◽  
O. Serresse ◽  
G. Theriault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Black African ◽  
Significant Difference

Twenty-three male Black African and 23 male Caucasian subjects, ascertained as sedentary, participated in this study designed to determine whether there were differences in skeletal muscle histochemical and biochemical characteristics between racial groups. Muscle fiber type proportions (I, IIa, and IIb), fiber areas and activities of several enzyme markers of different energy metabolic pathways were determined from a biopsy of the vastus lateralis. Results indicated that Caucasians had a higher percent type I (8%, P less than 0.01) and a lower percent type IIa (6.7%, P less than 0.05) fiber proportions than Africans. No significant differences were observed between the two racial groups in the type IIb fiber proportion or in the three fiber type areas. Enzymes catalyzing reactions in phosphagenic [creatine kinase (CK)] and glycolytic [hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] metabolic pathways had significantly higher activities (about 30–40%) in the Black African group than in the Caucasian group (P less than 0.01). No significant difference was noted in the activities of oxidative enzymes [malate dehydrogenase (MDH), oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH)]. Consequently, the PFK/OGDH ratio was significantly elevated in Africans (P less than 0.05). The racial differences observed between Africans and Caucasians in fiber type proportion and enzyme activities of the phosphagenic and glycolytic metabolic pathways may well result from inherited variation. These data suggest that sedentary male Black individuals are, in terms of skeletal muscle characteristics, well endowed for sport events of short duration.

Effect of corticosteroids on diaphragm fatigue, SDH activity, and muscle fiber size

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Lewis ◽  
S. A. Monn ◽  
G. C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

The influence of dexamethasone on diaphragm (DIA) fatigue, oxidative capacity, and fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) was determined in growing hamsters. One group received dexamethasone by daily subcutaneous injection for 21 days (D animals), while pair-weight (P) and free-eating controls (CTL) received saline subcutaneously. Isometric contractile properties of the DIA were determined in vitro by supramaximal direct muscle stimulation in the presence of curare. DIA fatigue resistance was determined through repetitive stimulation at 40 pulses/s for 2 min. A computer-based image-processing system was used to histochemically determine muscle fiber-type proportions, CSA, and succinate dehydrogenase activities. The medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) was used as a limb muscle control, with histochemical studies being performed on both the superficial (s) and deep/red (r) portions. Dexamethasone markedly attenuated the normal increment in body weight over the 3-wk period. DIA fatigue resistance was significantly reduced in the D compared with CTL and P animals. Dexamethasone had no effect on fiber-type proportions of the DIA or MGr (MGs contained only type II fibers). In the DIA, the CSA of type II fibers was reduced 33% in D and 18.5% in P animals compared with CTL. Although no significant atrophy was noted in the type I DIA fibers of either D or P animals, a trend toward significance was noted in D animals compared with CTL. In the MGs, the CSA of type II fibers was reduced 33% in D and 16.5% in P animals compared with CTL. Significant atrophy of type I and II fibers of the MGr was noted in D animals compared with CTL (33.8 and 35% reductions, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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