scholarly journals Tall Fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) Turfgrass Cultivars Performance under Reduced N Fertilization

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Marco Schiavon ◽  
Cristina Pornaro ◽  
Stefano Macolino
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus ◽  
Dark Green

The identification of minimal N requirements for sustaining turfgrass quality and functionality became necessary to reduce N fertilization inputs and avoid potential environmental impacts in the European Union. A two year study was conducted at Padova University in Legnaro, northeastern Italy to investigate the performance of four tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) cultivars (‘Lexington’, ‘Rhambler SRP’, ‘Rhizing star’, and ‘Thunderstruck’) fertilized twice per year at either 75 or 150 kg N ha−1 year−1. Turfgrass was evaluated every two weeks for turfgrass visual quality, percent green cover (PGR) as well as dark green color index (DGCI) through digital image analysis and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). ‘Rhizing star’ was the only cultivar that showed poor adaptation to the environment, achieving acceptable turfgrass quality (6.0 or higher) only during June and July 2019. Turf fertilized at 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 generally showed higher performance than 75 kg N ha−1 year−1, however, the increase in turfgrass quality was mostly negligible and detected only during the winter months. Results suggest that well adapted tall fescue cultivars could be fertilized at 75 kg N ha−1 year−1 in Northern Italy.

scholarly journals Response of Twenty Tall Fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) Cultivars to Low Mowing Height

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Marco Schiavon ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Cristina Pornaro
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Color Density ◽  
Quality Rating ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Dwarf Type

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) is the most widely used species in the European transition zone, however, despite its good wear tolerance, its use is still limited to lawns and landscape areas due to concerns about its ability to withstand low mowing regimes. A two years field study was conducted to access performance of twenty tall fescue cultivars (‘Ares’, ‘Armani’, ‘Dynamites LS’, ‘Firecracker SLS’, ‘Firewall’, ‘Foxhound’ ‘Granditte’, ‘JT-LT2′, ‘JT-338′, ‘Karakum’, ‘Lexington’, ‘Olympic Gold’, ‘Rebounder’, ‘Rhambler SRP’, ‘Starlett’, ‘Supersonic’, ‘Talladega’, ‘Thunderstruck’, ‘Titanium 2LS’, ‘Turfway’) mowed weekly at 18 mm. Turfgrass was evaluated every two weeks for visual quality, color, density, texture and uniformity, as well as percent green cover (PGC) and dark green color index (DGCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and traction twice per year. Although no cultivars showed sufficient quality throughout the year, ‘Turfway’, ‘Titanium 2LS’ and ‘JT-338’ achieved high quality rating during spring and fall, the two seasons with the highest frequency of games played on sports field in northern Italy. Traction ratings collected in these study fell within acceptable range for football fields. Our results suggest that improved dwarf-type tall fescue cultivars can be used in sport fields in Northern Italy.

scholarly journals Turf Performance of Shaded ‘TifGrand’ and ‘TifSport’ Hybrid Bermudagrass as Affected by Mowing Height and Trinexapac-ethyl

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Brian Schwartz ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jonathon Fox ◽  
Jason Peake
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Dark Green

Heavily shaded environments often limit the performance and persistence of hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis), therefore a field-based shade study was performed to determine whether different mowing heights (0.5 and 1.5 inch) or two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator management treatments (control and 2 oz/acre) allow either ‘TifSport’ or ‘TifGrand’ hybrid bermudagrass to persist under 77% shade. Turfgrass quality (TQ), green cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and dark-green color index (DGCI) were evaluated on the two cultivars under a shade structure in Tifton, GA, during 2010 and 2011. Neither of the cultivars maintained acceptable TQ throughout the entire year under 77% shade, although ‘TifGrand’ displayed adequate TQ at the higher mowing height (1.5 inch) and demonstrated more shade tolerance than ‘TifSport’, as indicated by TQ, green cover, and NDVI. The TE application did not enhance the turf performance of ‘TifSport’ under 77% shade when mowed at 0.5 inch, but it improved turf performance of ‘TifGrand’ at the same height. The effect of TE application was cultivar and mowing height dependent under this heavily shaded environment, which warrants future study to determine the best management practices of these cultivars as well as continued efforts to develop new, shade-tolerant bermudagrass hybrids.

scholarly journals Physiological Response to Water Deficit Stress with Restricted Rooting in Tall Fescue and Zoysiagrass

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Travis Culpepper ◽  
Joseph Young ◽  
David T. Montague ◽  
Manish Sapkota ◽  
Eduardo Escamilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus

Abstract Urban soils may restrict turfgrass rooting depth with shallow soil layers in high sand content soils, which may influence water conservation. A greenhouse study sought to quantify water usage and determine the physiological response of turfgrasses at four irrigation levels. ‘ATF-1434′ tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. nom. cons.; syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), ‘Jamur' Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and ‘Zeon' Manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] were established in 10 cm (4 in) diameter by 17.8 cm (7 in) tall containers. Each species was irrigated with 16.5, 21.9, 27.3, or 32.7 mm.wk−1 (0.65, 0.86, 1.1, or 1.3 in.wk−1). Gravimetric water loss was determined by pre- and post-irrigation pot weights. Turf quality, leaf discoloration, percent green cover, and gross photosynthesis were evaluated weekly and root parameters were measured at the conclusion of each trial. Although root mass was similar among species, water deficit stress and leaf discoloration occurred sooner in tall fescue than the two Zoysia species, reducing turf quality and green cover. Japanese lawngrass and Manilagrass had greater stomatal conductance, resulting in 109 and 89% higher gross photosynthesis relative to tall fescue. Both zoysiagrasses maintained acceptable turf quality with 27.3 mm water.wk−1. However, tall fescue quality was not acceptable at any irrigation level. Index words: Photosynthesis, gravimetric water loss, tall fescue, Japanese lawngrass, Manilagrass. Species used in this study: Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. nom. cons.; syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.); Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.); Manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.].

scholarly journals Drought Stress Response of Turf-Type Perennial Ryegrass Genotypes in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Cristina Pornaro ◽  
Matteo Serena ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Bernd Leinauer
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Double Time ◽  
Control Water

Perennial ryegrass is generally known as exhibiting poor drought tolerance with poor recuperative capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute drought followed by a recovery period, on 11 perennial ryegrass varieties (Apple SGL, Azimuth, Barrage, Caddieshack, Double, Double Time, Ecologic, New Orleans, Pizzaz 2, Rainwater, Turfgold) and one tall fescue (Olympic Gold). The study was conducted in a rain-out structure to control water inputs. Green cover percentage, visual quality, color, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil moisture were measured weekly. Eighty percent coverage was considered optimal and was reached only during the first two weeks of the drought period. Starting from the fourth week, a significant decrease in green cover was observed for most of the perennial ryegrass cultivars. However, 5 cultivars displayed a visual quality rate greater than 6, which is considered acceptable during this period, while color ratings were recorded greater than 6 for 7 cultivars. At the end of the drought phase, the cultivar ’New Orleans’ exhibited significantly greater green cover compared to most other perennial ryegrasses. The recovery of the grasses was slow and at the end of the experiment the variability in green cover between cultivars was greater than during the first week.

scholarly journals Optical Sensing of Turfgrass Chlorophyll Content and Tissue Nitrogen

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1130-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Bell ◽  
B.M. Howell ◽  
G.V. Johnson ◽  
W.R. Raun ◽  
J.B. Solie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
N Rates

Differences in soil microenvironment affect the availability of N in small areas of large turfgrass stands. Optical sensing may provide a method for assessing plant N needs among these small areas and could help improve turfgrass uniformity. The purpose of this study was to determine if optical sensing was useful for measuring turfgrass responses stimulated by N fertilization. Areas of `U3' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], `Midfield' bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy], and `SR1020' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) were divided into randomized complete blocks and fertilized with different N rates. A spectrometer was used to measure energy reflected from the turfgrass within the experimental units at 350 to1100 nm wavelengths. This spectral information was used to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI). These spectral indices were regressed with tissue N and chlorophyll content determined from turfgrass clippings collected immediately following optical sensing. The coefficients of determination for NDVI and GNDVI regressed with tissue N averaged r2 = 0.76 and r2 = 0.81, respectively. The coefficients of determination for NDVI and GNDVI regressed with chlorophyll averaged r2 = 0.70 and r2 = 0.75, respectively. Optical sensing was equally effective for estimating turfgrass responses to N fertilization as more commonly used evaluations such as shoot growth rate (SGR regressed with tissue N; r2 = 0.81) and visual color evaluation (color regressed with chlorophyll; r2 = 0.64).

scholarly journals Response of Retail Lawn Seed Products during Acute Drought and Recovery

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Florence Breuillin-Sessoms ◽  
Dominic P. Petrella ◽  
Daniel Sandor ◽  
Samuel J. Bauer ◽  
Brian P. Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Rainout Shelter ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus ◽  
Fine Fescue

Consumers often have multiple choices when purchasing retail lawn products in stores. In this study, we evaluated the acute drought performance of locally available retail lawn seed products (mixtures or blends) at two mowing heights of 2.5 and 3 inches. We hypothesized that the species present in the products and the height-of-cut differentially influence the drought resistance and recovery of the mixtures and blends. In Fall 2016 and 2017, 28 different products consisting of 25 mixtures and 3 blends of turfgrass seeds were established under a fully automated rainout shelter at the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The drought treatments lasted for 67 days in 2017, and 52 days in 2018; both the 2017 and 2018 treatments were followed by a recovery period. Data were obtained during acute drought treatments and recovery periods for visual turfgrass quality and green turfgrass cover using digital images of the plots. During the first year, several products displayed higher green stability (or the ability to remain green) at the 3-inch height-of-cut compared with the 2.5-inch height-of-cut. Products with tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and fine fescue (Festuca sp.) as dominant species generally performed better during the drought treatments, whereas an increasing presence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) decreased the visual drought performance of the products. During the recovery period, an effect of the interaction between mowing height and the date of data collection on the percentage of green cover was observed: the lower mowing height improved the early recovery of green cover after acute drought. These findings suggest that consumers in the upper midwestern United States and areas with a climate similar climate to that of St. Paul, MN, who are challenged with multiple choices of lawn seed products should choose products containing a higher tall fescue content and adjust their mowing heights to optimize recovery.

scholarly journals Response of Hybrid Bermudagrass and Manilagrass to Soil Moisture Using Water-table Depth Gradient Tanks

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gerald Henry ◽  
Rebecca Grubbs ◽  
Chase Straw ◽  
Kevin Tucker ◽  
Jared Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Habitat Specialization ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Turfgrass Quality

Previous research involving turfgrass response to soil moisture used methodology that may compromise root morphology or fail to control outside environmental factors. Water-table depth gradient tanks were employed in the greenhouse to identify habitat specialization of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] and manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] maintained at 2.5 and 5.1 cm. Turfgrass quality (TQ), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy temperature (CT), and root biomass (RB) were used as metrics for plants grown in monoculture in sandy clay loam soil. Mowing height did not affect growth of turfgrass species in response to soil moisture. Turfgrass quality, NDVI, and RB were greatest, whereas CT was lowest at wetter levels [27- to 58-cm depth to the water-table (DWT)] of each tank where plants were growing at or above field capacity. However, bermudagrass RB was greatest at 27-cm DWT, whereas manilagrass RB at 27-cm DWT was lower than RB at 42.5- to 73.5-cm DWT in 2013 and lower than all other levels in 2014. Both species responded similarly to droughty levels (120- to 151-cm DWT) of the tanks. Turfgrass quality, NDVI, and RB were lowest, whereas CT was highest at higher droughty levels. Bermudagrass may be more competitive than manilagrass when soil moisture is high whereas both species are less competitive when soil moisture is low.

scholarly journals Wheat Yield Estimation with NDVI Values Using a Proximal Sensing Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 2749
Author(s):  
Marta Aranguren ◽  
Ander Castellón ◽  
Ana Aizpurua
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
N Status

Nitrogen (N) splitting is critical to achieving high crop yields without having negative effects on the environment. Monitoring crop N status throughout the wheat growing season is key to finding the balance between crop N requirements and fertilizer needs. Three soft winter wheat fertilization trials under rainfed conditions in Mediterranean climate conditions were monitored with a RapidScan CS-45 (Holland Scientific, Lincoln, NE, USA) instrument to determine the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at the GS30, GS32, GS37, and GS65 growth stages. The threshold NDVI values in the Cezanne variety were 0.7–0.75 at the GS32, GS37, and GS65 growing stages. However, for the GS30 growing stage, a threshold value could not be established precisely. At this stage, N deficiency may not affect wheat yield, as long as the N status increases at GS32 stage and it is maintained thereafter. Following the NDVI dynamic throughout the growing season could help to predict the yields at harvest time. Therefore, the ΣNDVI from GS30 to GS65 explains about 80% of wheat yield variability. Therefore, a given yield could be achieved with different dynamics in wheat NDVI values throughout the growing cycle. The determined ranges of the NDVI values might be used for developing new fertilization strategies that are able to adjust N fertilization to wheat crop needs.

scholarly journals Assessing Remote Sensing Vegetation Index Sensitivities for Tall Fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) Plant Health with Varying Endophyte and Fertilizer Types: A Case for Improving Poultry Manuresheds

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
K. Colton Flynn ◽  
Trey Lee ◽  
Dinku Endale ◽  
Alan Franzluebbers ◽  
Shengfang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Schedonorus Arundinaceus

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) is a common perennial forage in cattle pastures of the southeastern United States. A mutualistic fungal endophyte normally infects the grass and produces ergot alkaloids toxic to livestock, but fungal biotypes that have no ergot alkaloid production have been developed. Here remote sensing methods were used to assess plant health in 1 ha grazed paddocks with application amongst different combinations of fertilizer sources (inorganic and broiler litter) and endophyte associations (wild, novel–tall fescue MaxQ type with novel endophyte, and free). Broiler litter fertilization is common in the region due to the presence of many chicken farms. Moreover, broiler litter costs are comparable to inorganic fertilizer depending on distance from source to application. Incorporating remote sensing, we tested the sensitivity of three indices: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and land surface water index (LSWI) to assess fescue plant health. Indices were obtained from satellite imagery provided by Landsat 7 ETM+ between the years 2005 and 2009. Sensitivity analytics suggested that LSWI was the optimum index to determine fescue plant health. The year experiencing drought (determined by annual precipitation) showed significant difference between fertilizer types (p = 0.05) and a nearly significant difference between endophyte associations (p = 0.08). There was no significant difference in years with normal or wet precipitation rates due to tall fescue endophyte association or type of fertilization. Limited availability of satellite imagery during parts of the five years of study might have influenced outcomes of statistical analyses. Nevertheless, the data and findings point to the potential use of satellite imagery in assessing grazingland tall fescue health and advancing the concept of poultry manureshed in the region or elsewhere where poultry manure production is extensive.

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