scholarly journals Application of DSSAT CERES-Maize to Identify the Optimum Irrigation Management and Sowing Dates on Improving Maize Yield in Northern China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Patrick Rugira ◽  
Juanjuan Ma ◽  
Lijian Zheng ◽  
Chaobao Wu ◽  
Enke Liu

The increase in irrigated maize plantings in Northern China has increased the demand for irrigation water in the region, resulting in chronic water shortages in drier years. Efficient irrigation and water use are essential for the sustainable development and management of water resources in the area. This research applied DSSAT-maize in the Loess Plateau (Fenhe basin) to determine the suitable irrigation management and optimum sowing dates to ensure the stability of spring maize production. The model was calibrated using the full irrigation treatment of 2017–2019 growing seasons. Crop data, such as plant phenological phases, aboveground biomass, crop yield, and leaf area index, were used for model calibration. The calibration showed great consistency between the measured and simulated data, with nRMSE (normalized root mean square error) ranging from 0.77% to 21.6%. The field values of crop yield, aboveground biomass, LAI, soil water content, and water use efficiency were used to evaluate the calibrated model’s performance, the model evaluation was found to be satisfactory with acceptable nRMSE ranging from 1.9% to 25.3%. Optimum simulated sowing dates for increased productivity and water efficiency were between 15 and 25 May. The optimum irrigation timing and volume of irrigation water application were 85 mm at the tasseling phase and 85 mm at the grouting phase respectively. Therefore, the yield of maize can be increased by applying irrigation and altering the sowing date in case rainfall is insufficient to satisfy the water demand of the crops in the Fenhe basin.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Imen Ben Charfi ◽  
Ahmad Al Bitar ◽  
Drazen Skokovic ◽  
...  

<p>The conflicting use of water is becoming more and more evident, also in regions that are traditionally rich in water. With the world’s population projected to increase to 8.5 billion by 2030, the simultaneous growth in income will imply a substantial increase in demand for both water and food. Climate change impacts will further stress the water availability enhancing also its conflictual use. The agricultural sector is the biggest and least efficient water user, accounts for around 24% of total water use in Europe, peaking at 80% in the southern regions.</p><p>This paper shows the implementation of a system for real-time operative irrigation water management at high spatial and temporal able to monitor the crop water needs reducing the irrigation losses and increasing the water use efficiency, according to different agronomic practices supporting different level of water users from irrigation consortia to single farmers. The system couples together satellite (land surface temperature LST and vegetation information) and ground data, with pixel wise hydrological crop soil water energy balance model. In particular, the SAFY (Simple Algorithm for Yield) crop model has been coupled with the pixel wise energy water balance FEST-EWB model, which assimilate satellite LST for its soil parameters calibration. The essence of this coupled modelling is that the SAFY provides the leaf area index (LAI) evolution in time used by the FEST-EWB for evapotranspiration computation while FEST-EWB model provides soil moisture (SM) to SAFY model for computing crop grow for assigned water content.</p><p>The FEST-EWB-SAFY has been firstly calibrated in specific fields of Chiese (maize crop) and Capitanata (tomatoes) where ground measurements of evapotranspiration, soil moisture and crop yields are available, as well as LAI from Sentinel2-Landsat 7 and 8 data. The FEST-EWB-SAFY model has then been validated also on several fields of the RICA farms database in the two Italian consortia, where the economic data are available plus the crop yield. Finally, the modelled maps of LAI have then been validated over the whole Consortium area (Chiese and Capitanata) against satellite data of LAI from Landsat 7 and 8, and Sentinel-2.</p><p>Optimized irrigation volumes are assessed based on a soil moisture thresholds criterion, allowing to reduce the passages over the field capacity threshold reducing the percolation flux with a saving of irrigation volume without affecting evapotranspiration and so that the crop production. The implemented strategy has shown a significative irrigation water saving, also in this area where a traditional careful use of water is assessed.</p><p>The activity is part of the European project RET-SIF (www.retsif.polimi.it).</p>


2019 ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj ◽  
Younes Daw Ezlit ◽  
Mukhtar Mahmud Elaalem

Three major performance indicators developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI, 1998) are used in this paper to evaluate the performance of the irrigated crops in the region according to the commonly followed practices among farmers as compared with their performance under conditions of much improved irrigation management and agricultural practices. These indicators include the Standardized Gross Value Production (SGVP), the unit area production output (crop yield or its financial value per hectare) and the unit volume of irrigation water production output (crop yield or its financial value per cubic meter). The comparison between the two agricultural practices indicated that the unit area output of the common practices among farmers did not exceed 6483 Libyan Dinars / hectare, while that under the improved practices was 11605 Libyan Dinars / hectare. The unit volume of irrigation water output for the common practices was 0.63 Libyan Dinar / cubic meter, while that under the improved practices reached 1.63 Libyan Dinar / cubic meter. These results clearly show the importance of the applied performance indicators in the assessment and clarification of the economic impacts of any introduced interventions aiming at the improvement of and/or the differentiation among irrigation management practices and alternative agricultural cropping systems.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Akinola Mayowa Ikudayisi

Water is an essential natural resource for human existence and survival on the earth. South Africa, a water stressed country, allocates a high percentage of its available consumptive water use to irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary that we optimize water use in order to enhance food security. This study presents the development of mathematical models for irrigation scheduling of crops, optimal irrigation water release and crop yields in Vaal Harts irrigation scheme (VIS) of South Africa. For efficient irrigation water management, an accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETₒ) should be carried out. However, due to non-availability of enough historical data for the study area, mathematical models were developed to estimate ETₒ. A 20-year monthly meteorological data was collected and analysed using two data–driven modeling techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for real time prediction of future ETₒ for the study area. The real time irrigation scheduling of potatoes was developed using a crop growth simulation model called CROPWAT. It was used to determine the crop water productivity (CWP), which is a determinant of the relationship between water applied and crop yield. Finally, a new and novel evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm called combined Pareto multi-objective differential evolution (CPMDE) was applied to optimize irrigation water use and crop yield on the VIS farmland. The net irrigation benefit, land area and irrigation water use of maize, potatoes and groundnut were optimized. Results obtained show that ETₒ increases with temperature and windspeed. Other variables such as rainfall and relative humidity have less significance on the value of ETₒ. Also, ANN models with one hidden layer showed better predictive performance compared with other considered configurations. A 5-day time step irrigation schedule data and graphs showing the crop water requirements and irrigation water requirements was generated. This would enable farmers know when, where, and how much water to apply to a given farmland. Finally, the employed CPMDE optimization algorithm produced a set of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions. The best solution suggests that maize, groundnut and potatoes should be planted on 403543.44 m2, 181542.00 m2 and 352876.05 m2areas of land respectively. This solution generates a total net benefit of ZAR 767,961.49, total planting area of 937961.49 m2 and irrigation water volume of 391,061.52 m3. Among the three crops optimized, maize has the greatest land area, followed by potatoes and groundnut. This shows that maize is more profitable than potatoes and groundnut with respect to crop yield and water use in the study area.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisay A. Belay ◽  
Tewodros T. Assefa ◽  
P. V. Vara Prasad ◽  
Petra Schmitter ◽  
Abeyou W. Worqlul ◽  
...  

Smallholder agriculture constitutes the main source of livelihood for the Ethiopian rural community. However, soil degradation and uneven distribution of rainfall have threatened agriculture at present. This study is aimed at investigating the impacts of conservation agriculture on irrigation water use, nutrient availability in the root zone, and crop yield under supplementary irrigation. In this study, conservation agriculture (CA), which includes minimum soil disturbance, grass mulch cover, and crop rotation, was practiced and compared with conventional tillage (CT). We used two years’ (2018 and 2019) experimental data under paired-t design in the production of a local variety green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The results showed that CA practices significantly (α = 0.05) reduced irrigation water use (13% to 29%) and runoff (29% to 51%) while it increased percolated water in the root zone (27% to 50%) when compared with CT practices under the supplementary irrigation phase. In addition, CA significantly decreased NO3-N in the leachate (14% to 44%) and in the runoff (about 100%), while PO4-P significantly decreased in the leachate (33% to 50%) and in the runoff (16%) when compared with CT. Similarly, CA decreased the NO3-N load in the leachate and in the runoff, while the PO4-P load increased in the leachate but decreased in the runoff. The yield return that was achieved under CA treatment was 30% higher in 2018 and 10% higher in 2019 when compared with the CT. This research improves our understanding of water and nutrient dynamics in green pepper grown under CA and CT. Use of CA provides opportunities to optimize water use by decreasing irrigation water requirements and optimize nutrient use by decreasing nutrient losses through the runoff and leaching.


HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Robert C. Ebel ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni

Because of the decline in production and negative economic effects, there is an urgent need for strategies to reduce the impact of Huanglongbing (HLB) on citrus [Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation schedules on total available soil water (TAW) and water uptake characteristics of citrus trees affected by HLB in central and southwest Florida. The study was initiated in Jan. 2014 for 2 years on 5-year-old sweet orange trees located in three commercial groves at Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, FL. Each grove had three irrigation scheduling treatments including the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) recommendations, Daily irrigation, and an Intermediate treatment. All groves received similar volumes of water per week based on evapotranspiration (ETo) reported by the Florida Automated Weather Network. Sap flow (SF) measurements were taken for two trees per treatment for at least 10 days per site (twice/year). During those periods, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and stem water potential (Ψ) were determined. Also, TAW was determined using drainage curve and capacitance soil moisture sensors installed at incremental soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm. Results showed significant differences in average SF, LAI, Ψ, and TAW measurements among treatments. Diurnal SF value under daily irrigation treatment increased by 91%, 51%, and 105% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Soil water contents (WCs) under daily treatment increased by 59%, 59%, and 70% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation treatment in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Our results indicated that daily irrigation improved tree water dynamics compared with IFAS or Intermediate irrigation scheduling treatments and reduced tree stress with the same volume of water.


2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
G. N. Ward ◽  
G. Kearney

The effect of different irrigation strategies on turnip forage crop growth rates, dry matter (DM) yield, water use efficiency (WUE), changes in soil volumetric water content, nutritive characteristics and mineral content was determined on different soil types at different sites (site 1 and 2) over 2 years. Treatments were: (A) a dryland control; (B) fully watered to soil field capacity each week; (C) 75% of full watering; (D) 50% of full watering; (E) 25% of full watering; (F) a single watering to soil field capacity or to a maximum of 50 mm between weeks 0–6; (G) a single watering between weeks 6–8; (H) a single watering between weeks 8–10; and (I) a single watering between weeks 10–12 after sowing. In addition, each irrigation treatment received either 0 or 50 kg N/ha applied 5 weeks after sowing. Responses to applied irrigation water were different at each site and also within one year. At site 1, responses to irrigation were adversely affected by insect damage and delayed sowing, particularly in year 1. However, there were significant increases in DM yield to weekly irrigation regimes in both years, with responses greater in year 2, and responses in both years were greater where nitrogen was applied. At site 2, there were significant responses to weekly irrigation regimes in year 1 with DM yields from fully irrigated plots almost double that of the dryland treatment. In year 2, DM yields from all treatments were similar and it is proposed that lower summer temperatures may have contributed to the improved DM yield observed with the dryland treatment. In both years, at site 2, there were generally higher DM yields with nitrogen application irrespective of irrigation regime. Turnip metabolisable energy values were consistently above 11.5 and 13 MJ/kg DM for leaves and roots respectively, with crude protein contents for leaves ranging from 11 to 20% and 13 to 24% and roots from 6 to 14% and 9 to 17% at sites 1 and 2, respectively. Water use efficiencies varied according to irrigation treatment with higher efficiencies observed at site 2 in both years. In year 1 and 2, total WUE at site 1 varied from 5 to 11 kg DM/ha.mm while at site 2 the range was 20–48�kg�DM/ha.mm with higher values being observed in year 2. As with DM yields it is likely that the observed higher WUE in year 2 was due to lower summer temperatures. At site 2, the dryland treatments produced the highest efficiencies in both years. In contrast, WUE from applied irrigation water ranged from 0 to 35 kg DM/ha.mm at site�1 and from 0 to 23 kg DM/ha.mm at site 2. This study suggests that there is potential to economically irrigate turnips to provide additional DM of high nutritional value for lactating dairy cows, however, issues such as sowing dates, soil type, and insect damage will also influence final yields. In particular, summer temperatures influence both dryland growth potential and growth responses to irrigation. Also single irrigations during the growing period will not significantly increase DM yields over a crop grown under dryland conditions.


Author(s):  
Welson L. Simões ◽  
Anderson R. de Oliveira ◽  
Alessandra M. Salviano ◽  
Jucicléia S. da Silva ◽  
Marcelo Calgaro ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of leaching fraction on the biometric and production characteristics and technological quality of the juice of sugarcane varieties grown in saline soil in the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three repetitions, in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to two sugarcane cultivation cycles: plant cane and ratoon cane; three sugarcane varieties: RB72454, SP943206 and VAT90212; and, three leaching fractions of irrigation water: 0; 9.1; and 16.6%. Number of living leaves, number of internodes, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, number of tillers, yield, total soluble solids content (°Brix), percentage of industrial fiber, juice purity, juice Pol%, cane Pol% and total recoverable sugar were evaluated. At the end of the two crop cycles, water use efficiency was determined. The varieties SP943206 and VAT90212 showed higher yield under leaching fraction of irrigation water of 9.1% in both cycles, and higher water use efficiency values were observed for the variety VAT90212. Application of leaching fractions to reduce soil salinity does not promote changes in the technological quality of the sugarcane varieties RB72454, SP943206 and VAT90212.


Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio José de Santana ◽  
Jacinto De Assunção Carvalho ◽  
Messias José Bastos de Andrade ◽  
José Carlos Braga ◽  
Gilson Gerson Gervásio

COEFICIENTE DE CULTURA E ANÁLISE DO RENDIMENTO DO FEIJOEIRO SOB REGIME DE IRRIGAÇÃO  Márcio José de Santana1; Jacinto de Assunção Carvalho2; Messias José Bastos de Andrade2; José Carlos Braga3; Gilson Gerson Gervásio31Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Uberaba, Uberaba, MG,[email protected] Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG3Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, MG   1 RESUMO             O feijoeiro é cultivado em muitas regiões como no Alto Paranaíba e Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, em três safras bem definidas: a) verão, quando a semeadura concentra-se nos meses de outubro e novembro, normalmente não necessitando de irrigação; b) safra da seca, cuja semeadura se concentra nos meses de março e abril, com necessidade de irrigações complementares; e, c) safra de inverno, quando a semeadura é realizada nos meses de maio a julho, sendo a irrigação imprescindível. O que deve ser levado em consideração é que os produtores ainda não se preocupam com o manejo adequado da água no solo, sendo que a quantidade de água aplicada é obtida com a experiência individual e empírica, resultando em valores que podem proporcionar lâminas inadequadas. A proposta deste trabalho é o estudo do efeito de diferentes níveis de reposição de água de irrigação, das épocas de suspensão da irrigação e valores de coeficiente de cultura para o feijoeiro comum cultivar Talismã, conduzida no município de Patos de Minas, MG. Os tratamentos constaram de 5 níveis de reposição de água no solo (40%, 70%, 100%, 130% e 160%) em função da lâmina para elevá-lo diariamente à capacidade de campo  e 3 épocas de suspensão da irrigação (0, 7 e 14 dias após atingir o estágio R9 do ciclo cultural). O delineamento experimental foi um DBC (blocos casualizados), em esquema fatorial de 5x3, com 4 blocos. Foram avaliados a produtividade da cultura, o número e massa de grãos não colhidos, número de grãos por planta, vagens por planta e grãos por vagem, eficiência do uso da água e  coeficientes de cultura (Kc). A produtividade da cultura foi afetada pelos níveis de reposição de água no solo (houve aumento da produtividade até reposição de 100%, com posterior queda) e pelas épocas de suspensão da irrigação, exceto na reposição de 100%. Lâminas deficitárias promoveram aumento no número e massa de grãos não colhidos. Lâminas, tanto deficitárias quanto excessivas, proporcionaram queda no número de grãos por vagem. As maiores médias da eficiência do uso da água, independente da época de suspensão da irrigação, foram verificadas em menores lâminas aplicadas no solo. Os valores de Kc observados para as fases inicial, I, II, III e IV foram respectivamente, 0,5; 0,53; 0,81; 1,07 e 0,78. UNITERMOS: manejo de irrigação, Kc, tanque classe A.  SANTANA, M.J. de; CARVALHO, J. de A.; ANDRADE, M.J.B. de ; BRAGA, J.C.; GERVÁSIO, G.G. CROPPING COEFFICIENT AND YIELD ANALYSIS OF  BEAN PLANT  UNDER IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT 2 ABSTRACT Bean plants are grown in many regions as in the Alto Paranaíba and Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, in three well defined crops: a) summertime, when sowing concentrates in the months of October and November, normally irrigation is not needed; b) drought crop, the sowing concentrates in the months of March and April, with need of complementary irrigations; and, c) wintertime crop, when sowing is performed in the months of May to July, irrigation is indispensable. It should be taken into account is that farmers have not yet worried about adequate water management in soil: the amount of water applied is obtained  through individual and empirical experience, resulting into values which may provide inadequate water heights. The aim of this work is to study of effect of different levels of irrigation water replacement, irrigation suspension times and values of cropping coefficient for the common bean plant , cultivar Talismã, carried out in the town ofPatos de Minas, MG. The treatments consisted of 5 (five) levels of water replacement in soil  (40%, 70%, 100%, 130% and 160%) as related with the water height to raise it daily to the field capacity, and three irrigation suspension times  (0, 7 and 14 days after reaching stage  R9 of the crop cycle). The experimental design was a RBD (randomized blocks) in a factorial scheme of 5x3 with 4 blocks. Crop yield, the number and weight of unharvested grains, number of grains per plant, pods per plant and grains per pod, efficiency of water use and cropping coefficients (Kc) were evaluated. The crop yield was affected by the levels of water replacement in soil (there was an increase of yield till 100% replacement with a later fall) and by the irrigation suspension times except in 100% replacement. Deficit water heights promoted increase in the number and weight of unharvested grains. Water heights, both deficit and excessive caused fall of the number of grains per pod. The highest means of the efficiency of water use, regardless of the irrigation suspension time, were found in lower water heights applied into soil. The values of Kc observed for the following  phases:  initial l, I, II, III and IV were respectively, 0.5; 0.53; 0.81; 1.07 and 0.78. KEY WORDS: irrigation management, Kc, Class A Pan.


2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya & Abdul-Razaq

This experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Field Crop Department, College of Agriculture, university of Baghdad, during two spring seasons of 2012 and 2013 to study the response of quality characteristics of sunflower cultivar Akmar to the irrigation methods and water of magnetization technology and water use efficiency. The experiment was laid out as a split plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Four irrigation methods were used as main plots, [Farrow irrigation (I1), unfixed alternate furrow irrigation (I2), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (I3) and basin irrigation (I4)], while four levels of magnetized water (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000) Gauss were used as sub plot treatments. The results revealed that unfixed alternate furrow irrigation method could reduce irrigation water by 40 %, and it was irrigation water reduced from 425 to 255 mm per season in 2012th season and reduced from 364 to 234mm per season in 2013 season were an increment of water use efficiency (WUE) by 63.5% and 61.4% were accrued during growing seasons respectively in comparison with full irrigation treatment (I1). The Leaves potassium content decreased by14.4 to 5.8% for both seasons respectively. No significant effect was detected between I1 and I2 in qualitative traits except reduction in oil percentage as it reaches 6.3 to 8.8% in both seasons respectively. Results displayed a positive effect of using magnetized irrigation water on all measured traits. WUE increased by 45.1 to 56 %, nitrogen leaf content by 19.6 and 4.8% , phosphor leaves content by 35.1 and 41.7%, potassium leaves content by 20.7 and 10.8%, chlorophyll content by 4.5 to 7.6%, seed oil content by 5.0 to 5.6%. Interaction relations between experiment treatments were significant in some of studded traits.


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