Optimal levels of water and salt in the growth of giant sweet clone cactus forage

Forage cactus is perennial growth plant, resistance to drought adaptation to hot climate regions, being considered important for the development of livestock. In this study objective was estimate the morphometrics measures of forage cactus Giant Sweet clone associate the optimal levels water and salt. Design used was completely randomized, composed of four levels of water replacement, using the crop evapotranspiration (25, 50, 75 and 100%.Etc) and four levels of salinity (0, 2, 4 and 8 dS/m), obtained through the concentrations of (NaCl) salts corresponding to 0, 1.16, 2.32 and 4.64 g/L, respectively. The morphometric measures of cladodes were evaluated 20 times during the experimental period. Response surface was used to estimate the optimal levels water and salt that maximizing the morphometric measures of the cladodes. Water level in range of 54% and 64%, and 3.5 to 5.3 dS/m of saline level promote greater development of the Giant Sweet clone without changing the morphological characteristics of plant, generating greater phytomass yield.

Root distribution of cactus pear genotypes under different soil water replacement levels

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the cactus pear root distribution system can improve management of the plant by defining the areas of soil best suited to fertilizer application and the installation of soil moisture sensors under irrigation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the root distribution of cactus pear genotypes under different water replacement levels. To that end, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using genetic material from two cactus pear genotypes (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill. and Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) and six water replacement levels based on reference evapotranspiration - ET0 (T1, no irrigation; T2, 15%; T3, 30%; T4, 45%; T5, 60% and T6, 75% of ET0), arranged in split-plot, with irrigation treatments allocated to the plots and the genetic material to the sub-plots, and three replicates. The roots of the cultivars were collected for analysis of root length density (RLD) 390 days after planting. The RDL of very fine roots declines as depth and distance from the plant base increases and total, fine, small and medium RDL rise at higher water replacement levels; 75% of ET0 near the plant base increases RDL; all the root diameter classes are concentrated at a distance of 0-0.20 m from the plant base and depth of 0.10 to 0.25 m; the RDL percentage is higher for the Gigante genotype and Miuda exhibits better root distribution.

APPLICATION OF HUMATIC REAGENT FOR DUST DESTRUCTION AND DEGASATION IN MASS EXPLOSIONS

The work is devoted to the coverage of the results of research and industrial tests of environmental efficiency of water replacement in internal and external hydraulic wells in the quarries of mining enterprises for humic reagent [1]. Scientific and technical problem of determining environmental efficiency, solved by conducting in 2020 by the Research Mining Institute (NDGRI KNU) industrial research in the conditions of PJSC "Northern Mining and Processing Plant" (PJSC "PIVNGZK", Kryvyi Rih) kg / dust3 kg rocks) and gas formation (kg / kg BP) during mass explosions with the use of water in the holes in comparison with the use of humic reagent. Dust- binding and degassing properties of humate-based reagents are confirmed by the results of research and industrial tests conducted by the Research Institute of Occupational Safety and Ecology in the Mining and Metallurgical Industry (NDIBPG KNU) in 2019 by conducting experiments with pre-wetting blocks before conditions of quarries of Inguletskyi, Central and Northern GZK [1]. According to the results of experimental and industrial tests, it is substantiated that the efficiency of the use of humic reagent in the external water hammer in comparison with the use of technical water was: dust suppression increases by 20.0%; neutralization of carbon monoxide - 59.4%; neutralization of nitrogen oxides - 55.1%.

Automatic Aquarium Cleaner and Fish Feeder Based on Microcontroller Atmega8535

The design of an aquarium cleaner and automatic fish feeder based on the Atmega8535 microcontroller has been successfully carried out. Testing is carried out after all components are integrated into one including the overall program that has been made. Testing is done by running the system according to the procedure and observing the system's performance, starting with measuring turbidity and checking the water replacement schedule. The work processes running on the system are analyzed after testing. When the water turbidity level is high, the drain pump will activate and pump water out of the aquarium. After the remaining water level is about 25%, the drain pump will stop, and the filling pump will be active. The fill pump runs until the water level reaches 100% and then shuts down. After 10 minutes of filling the water, the servo motor will move and drop the fish feed into the aquarium.

ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE SILÍCIO NO CULTIVO DE COUVE-FLOR EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO NA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ

ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE SILÍCIO NO CULTIVO DE COUVE-FLOR EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO NA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ GUSTAVO SOARES WENNECK 1; RENI SAATH2; ROBERTO REZENDE2; ANDRÉ FELIPE BARION ALVES ANDREAN1; DANILO CÉSAR SANTI1 E DANIELE DE SOUZA TERASSI1 1 Discente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 2 Professora do Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected] 1 RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo de couve-flor em ambiente protegido sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica e quantidades de silício (Si) na região noroeste do Paraná. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido, com três condições de reposição hídrica (40, 70 e 100% da evapotranspiração diária) e quatro doses de Si (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1). No levantamento dos custos de produção foram considerados como custos fixos o capital da terra e a depreciação da estrutura, e como custos variáveis as sementes, os insumos, eletricidade, a operação de máquinas, os equipamentos, a mão-de-obra e o Si. O estudo considerou a área produtiva de 175 m². Para determinação do retorno econômico foi considerada a produção de massa fresca da inflorescência e o preço médio anual de venda no estado do Paraná. O retorno econômico variou entre R$185,46 e R$660,81. Os resultados econômicos indicam que a produção de couve-flor em ambiente protegido apresenta viabilidade econômica para região noroeste do Paraná. A aplicação de Si, com exceção da condição de reposição hídrica de 40% da ETc com aplicação de 150 kg ha-1 de Si, ocasionou incremento no retorno econômico para couve-flor cultivada em ambiente protegido. Palavras-chave: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, custo produtivo, viabilidade. WENNECK, G. S.; SAATH, R.; REZENDE, R.; ANDREAN, A. F. B. A.; SANTI, D. C.; TERASSI, D. S. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SILICON ON GREENHOUSE CAULIFLOWER IN THE NORTHWEST PARANÁ REGION 2 ABSTRACT The study aimed to analyze the economic viability of growing greenhouse cauliflower under different conditions of water availability and quantities of silicon (Si) in the northwestern region of Paraná. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, with three water replacement conditions (40, 70 and 100% of daily evapotranspiration) and four doses of Si (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1). In the survey of production costs, land capital and depreciation of the structure was considered fixed costs, and seeds, inputs, electricity, machinery operation, equipment, labor and Si were variable costs. The study considered the productive area of ​​175 m². To determine the economic return, the production of fresh mass from the inflorescence and the average annual sale price in the state of Paraná was considered. The economic return ranged between R$185.46 and R$660.81. The economic results indicate that the production of greenhouse cauliflower presents economic viability for the northwestern region of Paraná. The application of Si, except for the condition of 40% of ETc with application of 150 kg ha-1 of water replacement condition of 40% of ETc with application of 150 kg ha-1 of Si, increased the economic return for cauliflower grown on greenhouse. Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, production cost, viability.

Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane fertigated with nitrogen and potassium

This study had the objective to evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertigation (NK) in the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five levels of water replacement (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%), with and without fertirrigation (NK). The planting of sugarcane, cultivar RB85-5453, was performed in a double row (W-shaped), 8 m long, with 1.80 m spacing between the double rows, the distance between the crops in the double row was 0.40 m, with a total area of 52,8 m2 in each paddock. For treatments with water, replacement (WR) a drip tube was placed in the ground at a depth of 0.20 m among the furrows of the double row. The drip tube (DRIPNET PC 16150) comprised a thin wall, 1.0 bar pressure, nominal discharge 1.0 L h-1, and 0.50 m spacing between drippers. Nitrogen was applied by fertirrigation at a dose of 100 Kg ha-1, at 30-day intervals, with 10 applications throughout the development of the sugarcane culture. Potassium fertilization was done partially, in 30% of the furrows, and the remaining part was treated with the irrigation water. Nitrogen and potassium were spread only in the treatment with 0% water replacement. Was evaluated hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity versus logarithmic pressure head, at a depth of 10 cm, using RETC software. The hydraulic diffusivity for water replacement of 25 and 50% with fertigation was 160.3 and 14.9 cm2 days-1 for the lower values of the logarithm of the pressure head.

On the Imbibition Model for Oil-Water Replacement of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs

A model suitable for evaluating a tight sandstone reservoir is established. The model includes two oil-water replacement modes: capillary force mode and osmotic pressure mode. The relationship between oil-water displacement rate and dimensionless time under different parameters is drawn considering the influence of capillary force, osmotic pressure, production pressure difference, and starting pressure gradient. Results indicate that the higher the relative permeability of the water phase, the lower the relative permeability of the oil phase, the smaller the oil-water viscosity ratio, and the higher the oil-water replacement rate. The relative permeability of the water phase also affects the infiltration stabilization time. Low salinity fracturing fluid infiltration helps to improve the oil-water replacement rate.

IoT Prototype Development of Automatic Fish Feeder and Water Replacement

In raising the freshwater fish in the aquarium, we need to pay attention on the fish’s health by noticing the feeding time and the aquarium cleanness. The busy fish owners sometimes do not have time to clean the aquarium and replace the water. The food is even not given regularly. The system which can be developed to help the fish owners in handling the problems in raising the fish is the scheduled automatic feeding monitoring system and automatic water changer when the water has turned turbid. The system is developed by using the NodeMCU ESP8266 as the controlling center and in the same time it helps the system to connect to internet. The system is equipped with the website page to help the fish owner in monitoring the aquarium condition from the distance.