scholarly journals Mapping Online Geographical Indication: Agri-Food Markets on E-Retail Shelves

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385
Author(s):  
Guilherme Silva Fracarolli
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
European Union ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Online Markets ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Great Relevance

Economics has been trying to understand market functioning for a long time. However, the neoclassical approach does not satisfy the understanding of the mechanisms that operate in the construction, stabilization, and transformation of markets. For this reason, economic sociology proposes to provide subsidies from causal pluralism, rejecting explanatory theories of purely rational choices. Therefore, the use of sociological theories in the understanding of agri-food markets is also necessary. In this sense, this work aimed to compare the market for agri-food products with a geographical indication (GI) between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur, based on the performance of brands and supermarkets in both regions. For this, we used a data survey of thousands of products and respective GI registrations in the most prominent online markets of countries in both regions. We applied analyses that differentiated the economic blocs and used field theory to explain the phenomena found in the findings. The results indicated the formation of relevant bands in the GI market, a little voluminous, but capable of crossing borders, a second, with the majority of GIs found that are only commercialized locally, and a third invisible, where most products are located, which do not exist in these markets. Furthermore, supermarkets’ own brands have great relevance and are decisive in building the market.

Euratom and Brexit: Could the United Kingdom Maintain One Foot in the European Union? Current Scenarios and Future Prospects of British withdrawal from the EAEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Andrea Circolo ◽  
Ondrej Hamuľák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Independent Solution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper focuses on the very topical issue of conclusion of the membership of the State, namely the United Kingdom, in European integration structures. The ques­tion of termination of membership in European Communities and European Union has not been tackled for a long time in the sources of European law. With the adop­tion of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), the institute of 'unilateral' withdrawal was intro­duced. It´s worth to say that exit clause was intended as symbolic in its nature, in fact underlining the status of Member States as sovereign entities. That is why this institute is very general and the legal regulation of the exercise of withdrawal contains many gaps. One of them is a question of absolute or relative nature of exiting from integration structures. Today’s “exit clause” (Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union) regulates only the termination of membership in the European Union and is silent on the impact of such a step on membership in the European Atomic Energy Community. The presented paper offers an analysis of different variations of the interpretation and solution of the problem. It´s based on the independent solution thesis and therefore rejects an automa­tism approach. The paper and topic is important and original especially because in the multitude of scholarly writings devoted to Brexit questions, vast majority of them deals with institutional questions, the interpretation of Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union; the constitutional matters at national UK level; future relation between EU and UK and political bargaining behind such as all that. The question of impact on withdrawal on Euratom membership is somehow underrepresented. Present paper attempts to fill this gap and accelerate the scholarly debate on this matter globally, because all consequences of Brexit already have and will definitely give rise to more world-wide effects.

scholarly journals Assessment of Research and Development Financing Based on the Strategies in EU: Case of Sweden, Slovakia and Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8628
Author(s):  
Emília Duľová Spišáková ◽  
Barbora Gontkovičová ◽  
Emil Spišák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
The European Union ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Given

Research and development have been of interest to the European Union for a long time. This topic is also underlined in economic reform agendas and plans that have the form of strategies with clearly set targets. The article deals with the issue of financing R&D activities from the perspective of the share of expenditure to GDP, the total amount of funds spent on R&D, the share of expenditure per capita, and the structure of expenditure. The aim is to analyze and compare development in the field of R&D financing in selected countries of the European Union with emphasis on achieving the Europe 2020 target and to point out the expected development of the indicator for the first years of the validity of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. During the processing of the article, mathematical and statistical methods (regression and correlation analysis) were used in addition to standard logic methods intended for processing data and drawing conclusions (synthesis, induction). The final evaluates the achievement of the target in the field of R&D financing in accordance with the target of the Europe 2020 strategy and, using regression, predicts the development of the given indicator for coming years.

scholarly journals "It's so little money you could make as much at home" - options for work in an impoverished rural region of high unemployment.

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Ildiko Husz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Degree

Hungary has a higher unemployment rate than the member states of the European Union and even most former socialist countries. This rate for 15-64 year-olds has been around 56% since 1999, as against 66% in the European Union (OECD Employment Database). There is also a high degree of regional unevenness within the country. The situation is worst in North Hungary, an area of multiple economic and social deprivations. Several pieces of research have analysed the causes of long-term unemployment and have highlighted the main social, geographical and institutional factors behind it. People of low educational attainment who live in small villages and members of the Roma minority are particularly likely to have been without jobs for a long time.

scholarly journals СONFUSING SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE TRADEMARK AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION AS GROUND FOR REFUSAL OF REGISTRATION OF THE MARK: UKRAINE AND THE EU

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Badora
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Legislation ◽  
Trademark Protection ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Eu

The criterion of confusing similarity between the trademark and geographical indication as ground for refusal of registration of the mark in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine and the European Union has been studied. The degree of implementation of the norms of legislative acts in the field of trademark protection and protection of geographical indications in the Ukrainian legislation in the framework of cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union has been determined. The conclusions about the peculiarities of legal structures, similarities and differences between Ukrainian and European legislation in the context of defining the criterion of confusing similarity as ground for refusal of registration of a trademark have been made. The directions of a possible further study of the problematic of the article, taking into account the Ukrainian and European normative acts, aimed at protection of both trademarks and geographical indications as means of individualization, have been determined.

scholarly journals Földrajzi Árujelzők Magyarországon – Mi várható a magyar cseresznye ágazatban? : Geographical Indications in Hungary –what can be expected in the Hungarian cherry industry?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
Áron Török ◽  
Annaróza Koleticsné Lükő ◽  
Péter Gál
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Production ◽  
The Status ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Indication System ◽  
Near Future

Az Európai Unió eredetvédelmi szabályozása lehetővé teszi egyes mezőgazdasági termékek és élelmiszerek előállítási hely szerinti megkülönböztetését, ha azok minősége nagymértékben az adott helyszínhez kötődik. Európában számos ilyen élelmiszer elnevezése élvez nemzetközi védelmet, Magyarországról jelenleg mindösszesen tizennégy. Azonban számuk a közeljövőben várhatóan jelentősen emelkedni fog, köztük két cseresznyével. A nagykörűi és szomolyai cseresznyetermelők helyzetét és az eredetvédelmi rendszerhez való csatlakozásuk várható hatásait vizsgálva megállapítható, hogy a földrajzi árujelzők hozzájárulhatnak ahhoz, hogy a gyümölcsöt nagyobb mennyiségben, magasabb áron lehessen értékesíteni, s a folyamat során létrejövő hasznok elsősorban az előállítás helyszínén realizálódjanak. Mindezek eléréséhez ugyanakkor az eredetvédelemben rejlő lehetőségek maximális kihasználása, továbbá széleskörű összefogás és egységes fellépés szükséges a földrajzi árujelzők érintettjei részéről. The geographical indication system of the European Union allows to differentiate agricultural and food products based on their origin, in case their quality is highly linked to the place of production. In Europe many such products with protected denominations benefit from the international production, from Hungary currently only fourteen products are protected, however their number is about to significantly rise in the near future, including two cherry producing sites. Based on the status and the expectations of the cherry producers in Nagykörű and Szomolya it is visible that geographical indications can contribute to sell these fruits in higher quantity for a higher price while the main beneficiaries would be local actors. However, in order to meet these expectations, all the potential advantages embedded in geographical indications have to be taken, and a wide cooperation and coordinated actions on behalf of the stakeholders is required.

PROSPECTS OF ITALEXIT IN THE CONTEXT OF RISKS OF STRENGTHENING DISINTEGRATION PROCESSES IN EUROPE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Level ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Eu

The risks of Italy's withdrawal from the European Union (Italexit) are analyzed. Italy has one of the most powerful economies in the European Union and a great political influence on the processes in the EU. Therefore, the possible exit of this country from the Union could have catastrophic economic and political consequences for the future of European integration. The probability of the threat of the so-called Italexit, which has been discussed by the Italian politicians for a long time, is researched. In addition, the ways and possibilities of avoiding the threat of Italexit, as well as strengthening European solidarity despite the development of disintegration processes in Europe in general and in Italy in particular, are discovered. The probability of Italexit is defined as low, but some negative trends that may increase the risks of Italy's exit from the EU in the future are outlined. The growing sentiments of euroscepticism in Italy and their impact on the country's foreign policy and on relations between Italy and the EU's central institutions in Brussels are observed. The most influential parties of Eurosceptics and right-wing populists and their activities in the Italian parliament and government are considered. The prospects for further activities of Eurosceptic parties and their potential impact on the policy of Italy and the EU are forecasted. It is proved that Italian Eurosceptics are potentially the most dangerous in Europe because of their popularity not only at the national but also at the European level, their ability to unite right-wing radical parties from other European countries, their ambitions to occupy key positions in the European Commission and their active ties with Russia. The possible ways to avoid the most catastrophic scenarios of Italy's exit from the EU are analyzed.

Joint Exercise of Sovereign Powers of the Member States of the European Union. The French Approach to Legal Understanding of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-108
Author(s):  
P.-Y. Monjal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Legal Understanding

Introduction. This article analyses the legal nature of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the Union). The research presented in this article is based on two closely related theses. On the one hand, the Union is a legally qualifying entity, and on the other hand,the Unionists for a long time exercising legal (judicial) activism because they have been trying to form their own entity. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal identification of the Union and the semantic and conceptual category of ‘joint exercise of powers’. Taking into account the data from the analysis of doctrinal sources, Union law, applying the methodological tools of functionalism as a sociological and anthropological theory, which offers an explanation of the functioning of society based on elements that ensure stability, the author concludes that the stability manifest¬ed in the independence of the Union leads to the opposite effect – a break with the democratic foundations of states that united in the Union, yielding part of their sovereignty. Results. The author of the article concludes that the peculiarity of the Union lies in the particular way in which it exercises the state powers delegated to it. What distinguishes it from other categories of international governmental organisations is not so much the accumulation of powers, their scope and multipolarity, but rather how they are exercised. In this context, Member States are faced not so much with the deprivation of national powers as with a new manifestation of shared sovereignty embodied in the concept of shared exercise of powers. Discussion and Conclusion. From a legal point of view, the Union is a unique, distinctive legal and political entity. The Member States rejected the federal (state-legal) form of the Union. It cannot be reduced to an international intergovernmental organisation, although it borrows much from this legal category. The Union has many specific features in economic, political and legal terms that characterise it as a special subject of public international law. The concept of the Union reflects the legal traditions of the Member States. The author summarises in the article that French legal doctrine has been able to offer a theoretical vision of the Union in terms of the particularities of its political-legal culture. The author therefore believes that the joint exercise of powers is a tool that reveals the essence of the Union. This makes it difficult for France, which has a very developed concept of national sovereignty, to legal understanding of nature of the Union.

Innovative response initiatives in the European Union to mitigate the effects of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Almeida
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Virtual Education ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Sector Innovation ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the European Union (EU) through heavy pressure on health services, business activity and people's life. To mitigate these effects, government agencies, civil society and the private sector are working together in proposing innovative initiatives. In this sense, this study aims to characterize and explore the relevance of these projects to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach The Observatory of Public Sector Innovation provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development was considered to enable the identification and exploration of innovative projects to combat COVID-19. A methodology based on mixed methods is adopted to initially identify quantitatively the distribution of these projects, followed by a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis that allows exploring their relevance. Findings A total of 206 initiatives in the EU have been identified. The distribution of these projects is quite asymmetric, with Portugal and Austria totaling 33.52% of these projects. Most of these projects focus on the areas of public health, infection detection and control, virtual education, local commerce, digital services literacy, volunteering and solidarity and hackathons. Originality/value This work is relevant to identifying and understanding the various areas in which COVID-19 initiatives have been developed. This information is of great relevance for the actors involved in this process to be able to replicate these initiatives in their national, regional and local contexts.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations

2020 ◽  
pp. 223-240
Author(s):  
Frank Schimmelfennig ◽  
Thomas Winzen ◽  
Tobias Lenz ◽  
Jofre Rocabert ◽  
Loriana Crasnic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Asian Financial Crisis ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Subsequent Change ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Formal Recognition

This chapter analyses the reasons why governments rejected a formal recognition of the ASEAN Interparliamentary Organization/Assembly for a long time, but finally established an official affiliation during the Charter-making process in 2008/10. Until today, ASEAN provides a comparatively unfavourable context for parliamentarization because the organization has little authority and the membership is largely non-democratic. Yet, when the Asian financial crisis hit the region in 1997/98, a demand for re-legitimation emerged, which was supplied as a result of the combination of a subsequent change in the purpose of the organization, which created affinities with other ‘parliamentarized’ organizations and diffusion from the European Union.

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